1. When the parts of the endocrine system shut down…

2. Remember that the endocrine system regulates…
* body energy levels
* reproduction
* growth and development
* internal balance of body systems, called homeostasis
* responses to surroundings, stress and injury

3. Disorders
Endocrine system diseases and disorders happen when one or more of the endocrine systems in your body are not working well.
These irregularities are also called a hormone imbalance.
not be enough receptors, or binding sites,
regulating the hormones in the blood stream,
the body may have difficulty controlling hormone levels because of problems clearing hormones from the blood

4. Diabetes Too much sugar (glucose) in the blood stream
occurs when the pancreas does not produce the hormone insulin
Insulin is necessary in carrying the sugar to the cells for cellular respiration
If insulin is not present, sugar not converted into energy, thus metabolism cannot occu
Symptoms of diabetes include fatigue, weight loss, blurred vision, excessive thirst, and excessive urination.

5. Growth disorders
Growth and development controlled by the pituitary gland
Growth Hormone (somatotropin) is release by the pituitary and controlled by the hypothalmus
Bones, muscles, and other tissues are affected by GH
In children: stimulates linear growth, or height
development of muscle and bone
distribution of body fat throughout the body
In adults: affects energy, muscle strength, bone health, and psychological well being

6. Growth disorders continued…
too much GH = acromegaly (adults)
caused by a non-cancerous pituitary gland tumor of the pituitary gland
too much GH in children causes gigantism.
Rare
growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
A child can be born with GHD.
The condition also may arise because of damage to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland as a child or adult because of a tumor, an infection, or radiation to the brain — usually for the treatment of a tumor.
A deficiency in GH may also have an undefined cause.

7. growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
Children
grow less than two inches per year
have extra fat in the abdomen and face
blood sugar levels also may be low
may experience emotional distress

8. Adults acquired the deficiency after reaching maturity
Increased body fat (particularly at the waist and in the face)
Decreased muscle and bone mass
Thinning skin with fine wrinkles
Poor sweating or impaired temperature regulation
Reduced strength and endurance
Low energy level
Decreased well-being (moodiness, mild depression)
Loss of interest in sex
Poor sleep
Higher cholesterol levels, especially LDL (“bad”) cholesterol
Overproduction of insulin

9. Reproductive Menopause - the ability to become pregnant ceases
May take 10 years to complete
Average age range 47-55
Estrogen levels drop, egg release halts
May be caused earlier due to
Removal of ovaries
Radiation/chemotherapy
Gland disorders
Severe illness

10. Osteoperosis
a progressive condition in which bones become structurally weak and are more likely to fracture or break
Bones in the hip, spine, and wrist are especially prone to fragility fractures
Hormones that affect bone loss:
Estrogen= protects bone
Loss of testosterone
excess cortisol = produced in the adrenal gland
too much of the hormone prolactin
high doses of thyroid hormone also have a higher risk.

11. pituitary gland pituitary tumors
can interfere with the normal formation and release of hormones.
Two types of tumors exist - secretory and non-secretory
Hypersecretion = too much hormone secreted
Hyposecretion = too little hormone secreted
Tumor mass effects = tumor presses against pituitary gland
Headaches, hyposecretion related problems
Caused by major head trauma or medications

12. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome PCOS
Ovaries produce small amounts of androgens to control egg release
PCOS = too much of any type of androgen is produced
Cysts (follicles), contain eggs and build up in the ovaries
leading cause of infertility
is likely that it is a genetic disorder

13. Thyroid Disorders
Thyroid hormones regulate how the body breaks down food and either uses that energy immediately or stores it for the future
Thyroid hormones influence virtually every organ system in the body.
also regulate the consumption of oxygen and the production of heat

14. Hyperthyroidism
Too much thyroid hormone from an overactive thyroid gland
speeds up the body's metabolism
1% of women get it, more common in women than men

15. Affects women between 20-40
Muscle weakness
Trembling hands
Rapid heartbeat
Fatigue
Weight loss
Diarrhea or frequent bowel movements
Irritability and anxiety
Vision problems (irritated eyes or difficulty seeing)
Menstrual irregularities
Intolerance to heat and increased sweating
Infertility

16. Hypothyroidism
Too little thyroid hormone from an underactive thyroid gland
body's metabolism is slowed
Maybe a result of the pituitary gland not producing Thyroid homone Releasing hormone
causing many physical and mental processes to become sluggish
body consumes less oxygen and produces less body heat

17. Fatigue
Mental depression
Sluggishness
Feeling cold
Weight gain
Dry skin and hair
Constipation
Menstrual irregularities

18. Thyroid Nodules small swelling or lump in the thyroid gland
nodules represent either a growth of thyroid tissue or a fluid-filled cyst
most nodules are not cancerous
some thyroid nodules may produce too much thyroid hormone or become too large, interfering with an individual's breathing or swallowing or may cause neck discomfort.