The Costs of War 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme, American Cemetery in France 116, 516 Americans Dead116, 516 Americans Dead

WWI Casualties

Military Deaths Allies

Military Deaths: Central Powers

6-13 million civilians lost their lives6-13 million civilians lost their lives 18 million wounded or missing18 million wounded or missing

Deaths are made worse Influenza Pandemic of 1918Influenza Pandemic of 1918 Killed more than 20 million peopleKilled more than 20 million people

Financial Toll Battle zones are reduced to rubbleBattle zones are reduced to rubble Cost of reconstruction & war debts are a burdenCost of reconstruction & war debts are a burden People feel bitter about the warPeople feel bitter about the war

Allies insist the Central Powers pay reparationsAllies insist the Central Powers pay reparations Central Powers view armistice as a cease fire not a surrenderCentral Powers view armistice as a cease fire not a surrender

Money Spent on WWI AlliesAllies US---22,625,253,000US---22,625,253,000 GB---35,334,012,000GB---35,334,012,000 FR---24,265,583,000FR---24,265,583,000 Other---43,465,629,000Other---43,465,629,000 Total---125,690,477,000Total---125,690,477,000

Central PowersCentral Powers GR---37,775,000,000GR---37,775,000,000 AH---20,622,960,000AH---20,622,960,000 Other---2,245,200,000Other---2,245,200,000 Total---60,643,160,000Total---60,643,160,000

Political Turmoil Governments had collapsed in:Governments had collapsed in: Unrest in Europe’s colonial empire Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary & the Ottoman Empire Radicals dreamed of building a new social order Fear of Communism Imperial powers no longer invincible & colonial troops change their view of Europeans

Paris Peace Conference The Allies attendThe Allies attend Discuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman empire & colonies around the worldDiscuss the fate of Europe, the former Ottoman empire & colonies around the world Not invited:Not invited: Central Powers & Russia

Conflicting Goals of “The Big Three” Woodrow Wilson is stubborn & hard to work with--Argued for “Peace Without Victory (Fourteen Points)Woodrow Wilson is stubborn & hard to work with--Argued for “Peace Without Victory (Fourteen Points)

Others had different goals British Prime Minister: David Lloyd GeorgeBritish Prime Minister: David Lloyd George Build a post war Britain “Fit for heroes”Build a post war Britain “Fit for heroes” This will cost lots of $$This will cost lots of $$

French leader: Georges ClemenceauFrench leader: Georges Clemenceau Goal: to weaken Germany so that it could never again threaten FranceGoal: to weaken Germany so that it could never again threaten France Was bored with Wilson’s 14 pointsWas bored with Wilson’s 14 points

Problems with the Peace Others had their own demands and interestsOthers had their own demands and interests Italian PM: Vittorio Orlando wanted former AH lands given to themItalian PM: Vittorio Orlando wanted former AH lands given to them

Self Determination Many people ruled by Russia, Austria- Hungary & the Ottoman Empire demanded their own independent statesMany people ruled by Russia, Austria- Hungary & the Ottoman Empire demanded their own independent states Territories often overlapped ---some ethnic groups became unwanted minorities in new statesTerritories often overlapped ---some ethnic groups became unwanted minorities in new states

Treaty of Versailles Wilson had to compromise on much of his 14 pointsWilson had to compromise on much of his 14 points He demanded a League of Nations.He demanded a League of Nations. Based on idea of Collective Security, the league would act as one to preserve peace for all nationsBased on idea of Collective Security, the league would act as one to preserve peace for all nations The league would correct any mistakes made at ParisThe league would correct any mistakes made at Paris

The Treaty of Versailles June 1919June 1919 Allies order new German Republic to sign the treatyAllies order new German Republic to sign the treaty Germans are horrified:Germans are horrified: –Forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war –Forced huge reparations

Treaty of Versailles Reparations would burden war torn German economyReparations would burden war torn German economy Reparations were for damage, pensions for millions of dead Allied soldiers for widows & familiesReparations were for damage, pensions for millions of dead Allied soldiers for widows & families Total cost: 30 billion--today 27 trillionTotal cost: 30 billion--today 27 trillion

Treaty of Versailles Other parts aimed at weakening GermanyOther parts aimed at weakening Germany Limited the size of the German ArmyLimited the size of the German Army Returned Alsace-Lorraine to FranceReturned Alsace-Lorraine to France Removed territory from Western and Eastern GermanyRemoved territory from Western and Eastern Germany Stripped Germany of its overseas coloniesStripped Germany of its overseas colonies Compelled Germans living in contested areas to return to GermanyCompelled Germans living in contested areas to return to Germany

German Territorial Losses:

League of Nations Mandates in Africa

German Pacific Colonies Lost After WW I

Treaty of Versailles Germans had no choice but to signGermans had no choice but to sign Germans deeply resented the Treaty of VersaillesGermans deeply resented the Treaty of Versailles Resentment would poison internal climate for 20 yearsResentment would poison internal climate for 20 years

Outcome of the Peace Settlements Allies drew up separate treaties with the other Central PowersAllies drew up separate treaties with the other Central Powers These also produced widespread dissatisfactionThese also produced widespread dissatisfaction

Self-Determination in Eastern Europe New nations are created out of areas of Russia, Austria-Hungary & GermanyNew nations are created out of areas of Russia, Austria-Hungary & Germany Out of Russia & Germany:Out of Russia & Germany: –Poland –Latvia –Lithuania –Estonia

New Republics Out of Austria-Hungary:Out of Austria-Hungary: –Czechoslovakia –Austria –Hungary Out of the Balkans:Out of the Balkans: –Yugoslavia---dominated by Serbia This is the “South Slave State”This is the “South Slave State”

Versailles Settlement in Europe

New Nations: 1923

The Mandate System People colonized by Europeans hoped that the Peace Conference would bring an end to colonial rulePeople colonized by Europeans hoped that the Peace Conference would bring an end to colonial rule Self-determination only for the people of EuropeSelf-determination only for the people of Europe The Allies added to their overseas empiresThe Allies added to their overseas empires

Treaty Creates Mandates Mandates are territories administered by Western EuropeMandates are territories administered by Western Europe Britain & France gain mandates over German colonies in AfricaBritain & France gain mandates over German colonies in Africa Japan & Australia were given mandates to some pacific islandsJapan & Australia were given mandates to some pacific islands

Mandates The Ottoman empire was also treated as if they were coloniesThe Ottoman empire was also treated as if they were colonies In theory mandates were to be held until the country was able to stand on its ownIn theory mandates were to be held until the country was able to stand on its own People feel betrayed by the “peacemakers”People feel betrayed by the “peacemakers”

The British Mandate in Palestine: July, 1922

League of Nations Mandates in the Middle East

The League of Nations Offers Hope More than 40 nations joinMore than 40 nations join Agreed to negotiate disputes rather than go to warAgreed to negotiate disputes rather than go to war Wilson faced resistance from the US senate-- -Henry Cabot LodgeWilson faced resistance from the US senate-- -Henry Cabot Lodge Wanted to restrict the treaty so US would not be obligated to fight in future warsWanted to restrict the treaty so US would not be obligated to fight in future wars

The US Senate refused to ratify and the US never joined the League of NationsThe US Senate refused to ratify and the US never joined the League of Nations This weakened the Leagues power League had no power outside of member states & could not prevent warThis weakened the Leagues power League had no power outside of member states & could not prevent war