Hardware Architecture

Computing Infrastructure Components Servers Clients LAN & WLAN Internet Connectivity Software Storage Backup Security Computation Integration is the Key ! Network Data Management

Computer Today’s Computer

Computer Model Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards Computer Model: Von Neumann Architecture Computer Model Von Neumann architecture - Wiki Article (15 min YouTube Video) Input: keyboard, mouse, scanner, punch cards Processing: CPU executes the computer program Output: monitor, printer, fax machine Storage: hard drive, optical media, diskettes, magnetic tape

Components Computer Components

Computer Components CPU Memory Hard Disk Mother Board CD/DVD Drives Adaptors Power Supply Display Keyboard Mouse Network Interface I/O ports

CPU CPU CPU – Central Processing Unit (Microprocessor) consists of three parts: Control Unit Execute programs/instructions: the machine language Move data from one memory location to another Communicate between other parts of a PC Arithmetic Logic Unit Arithmetic operations: add, subtract, multiply, divide Logic operations: and, or, xor Floating point operations: real number manipulation Registers

Processor Architecture CPU Processor Architecture See How the CPU Works In One Lesson (20 min YouTube Video)

CPU CPU speed is influenced by several factors: Single Core/Multi Core Chip Manufacturing Technology: nm (2002: 130 nm, 2004: 90nm, 2006: 65 nm, 2008: 45nm, 2010:32nm, Latest is 22nm) Clock speed: Gigahertz (Typical : 2 – 3 GHz, Maximum 5.5 GHz) Front Side Bus: MHz (Typical: 1333MHz , 1666MHz) Word size : 32-bit or 64-bit word sizes Cache: Level 1 (64 KB per core), Level 2 (256 KB per core) caches on die. Now Level 3 (2 MB to 8 MB shared) cache also on die Instruction set size: X86 (CISC), RISC Microarchitecture: CPU Internal Architecture (Ivy Bridge, Haswell) Single Core/Multi Core Multi Threading Hyper Threading vs. Multicore Processor Multi Socket Heat Dissipation: Typically W for Desktop and Server CPUs is 80-140W

Multi-Core Processor Architecture Multi-Core CPU Multi-Core Processor Architecture Single dual and multi core processor (4 min YouTube Video)

CPU Cache L1, L2 & L3 Cache DRAM used for main memory has latency, up to 120 ns. The cache is constructed from more expensive, but significantly faster, SRAM, which has latencies around 10 ns. (Disk seek 10,000,000 ns)

L1, L2 & L3 Cache Internal (On Die) and External Cache Level 1 (L1) CPU Cache L1, L2 & L3 Cache Internal (On Die) and External Cache Level 1 (L1) Built into CPU Core 64 KB or 128KB Instruction and Data Cache Level 2 (L2) 256KB or 512 KB Level 3 (L3) Shared by all CPU Cores 2MB to 8MB

CPU FSB Front Side Bus

CPU Instruction Set CISC Technology (Intel, AMD ..) Complex Instruction Set Computing Conventional computers/servers Many of the instructions are not used RISC Technology (Power PC ..) Reduced Instruction Set Computing Small subset of instructions Increases speed Programs with few complex instructions Graphics Engineering Computation

Popular Processors Desktop Processor: Intel i3, i5, i7 CPU Popular Processors Desktop Processor: Intel i3, i5, i7 Laptop Processor: Intel i3, i5, i7 Mobile Server Processor: Intel Ivy Bridge 8 Core Xeon, IBM Power PC Smartphone Processor: Based on ARM (Advanced RISC Machine) architecture, Apple A4, A5 and A6 in iPhone and iPad, Exynos Cortex A-9 quad-core processor in Galaxy Note 2 Atom Processor : Intel’s processor for Mobile Internet Devices