Muslim Civilizations Chapter 10

Rise of Islam Muhammad- Born in Mecca (crossroads center) – At 40, hears the angel Gabriel telling him to become the messenger of God. Devoted life to spreading Islam (“to submit to God”) Run out of Mecca and travels to Yathrib (Renamed Medina) – First year of the Muslim calendar (622 A.D.) – Becomes a political and religious leader in Medina – Many convert to Islam which creates hostility with Mecca » Muhammad defeated the Meccans in battle and destroyed the idols of Kaaba. Spares the lives of the people in the city. – Dies in 632 A.D.

Teaching of Islam Qur’an (Koran) 5 Pillars – Declaration of Faith – Daily Prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca) – Alms for the Poor – Fast During Ramadan – Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) “People of the Book” Sharia (Islamic Law)

Spread of Islam Jihad (religious war) – Two types Greater- Internal struggle to live better life Lesser- Holy war – Forced people to convert except for “People of the Book” » However, non-Muslims were taxed Orthodox Caliphate ( AD) – First 4 Caliphs (replacements for Muhammad) had spent time with Muhammad (all assassinated) – Who would replace? Descendent of Muhammad? Shiites- must be descendent of Ali (Muhammad’s son) Sunni- does not have to be a descendent of Muhammad 5 th Caliph- Umayyad Caliphate ( AD) – Invades Spain in 711 Pushed out of France – Invades India in 712 Abbasid Caliphate ( AD) – Spread Islam outside of Middle East to south and southeast Asia

Muslim Civilization’s Golden Age Become very advanced in the areas of – Mathematics – Astronomy – Health Learn to quarantine people

The Ottoman Empire Ottomans – Turkish-speaking nomadic people from Central Asia – Janissaries (military force) Christian children were made slaves and raised as soldiers – 1300s, the spread across Asia Minor and into Eastern Europe’s Balkan Peninsula – Take Constantinople in Tolerant of other religions (but had to pay tax) Suleiman the Magnificent ( ) – Very successful leader and general Modernizes military and creates successful political system – Extended rule into Middle East, Kurdistan and Georgia