The regional states of Medieval Europe, C.E.
The medieval expansion of Europe,
Chapter 20: Western Europe during the High Middle Ages I. High Middle Ages (AD ) A. Farming improved--heavier plow, new A. Farming improved--heavier plow, new harness for horses, three field system. harness for horses, three field system. B. Population increased; towns B. Population increased; towns and trade grew. and trade grew. C. Literacy increased (in the vernacular, C. Literacy increased (in the vernacular, too). too). 1. Scholars rediscovered Greek writings. 1. Scholars rediscovered Greek writings.
2. Christian scholar Thomas 2. Christian scholar Thomas Aquinas linked faith and reason— Aquinas linked faith and reason— okay for Christians to learn from okay for Christians to learn from ancient Greek writings ancient Greek writings (Scholasticism). (Scholasticism).
Thomas Aquinas
The Crusades
D. Investiture contest: Occurred in the D. Investiture contest: Occurred in the late 11 th and early 12 th centuries. late 11 th and early 12 th centuries. Important church officials were being Important church officials were being appointed by emperors. Pope appointed by emperors. Pope Gregory VII (AD ) put an end Gregory VII (AD ) put an end to this. Emperor Henry IV was to this. Emperor Henry IV was excommunicated because of his excommunicated because of his disobedience. disobedience.
Pope Gregory VII
Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV
Frederick Barbarossa
Pope Urban II
Peter the Hermit
Richard the Lion-Heart
Children’s Crusade
Saladin
E. France, England, Italy, Iberia E. France, England, Italy, Iberia 1. Capetian France: Hugh Capet 1. Capetian France: Hugh Capet founded the dynasty in AD 987-it founded the dynasty in AD 987-it lasted three centuries. lasted three centuries. 2. England: Duke William (the 2. England: Duke William (the Conqueror) of Normandy became Conqueror) of Normandy became king in CE King John signed king in CE King John signed the Magna Carta in 1215—decreased the Magna Carta in 1215—decreased king’s power; gave more rights to king’s power; gave more rights to common people. common people.
Hugh Capet
Notre Dame
William of Normandy
King John of England
3. Italy: Popes ruled territory in 3. Italy: Popes ruled territory in central Italy; Prosperous northern city- central Italy; Prosperous northern city- states (Florence, Genoa, Venice, states (Florence, Genoa, Venice, Milan) Milan)
4. Iberia (Spain and Portugal): Muslim 4. Iberia (Spain and Portugal): Muslim conquerors ruled most of the conquerors ruled most of the peninsula from the 8 th to the 11 th peninsula from the 8 th to the 11 th centuries. The reconquista: Christian centuries. The reconquista: Christian kingdoms reconquered the peninsula kingdoms reconquered the peninsula (except Granada) by the late 13 th C. (except Granada) by the late 13 th C.
F. Eleanor of Aquitaine (CE ): F. Eleanor of Aquitaine (CE ): most celebrated woman of her day. most celebrated woman of her day. Encouraged cultural activities. Two Encouraged cultural activities. Two marriages—King Louis VII of France and marriages—King Louis VII of France and King Henry II of England. Mother of two King Henry II of England. Mother of two kings of England—Richard and John. kings of England—Richard and John.
G. Reconquest of southern Italy and G. Reconquest of southern Italy and Sicily: The Guiscard brothers— Sicily: The Guiscard brothers— Robert (Italy) and Roger (Sicily) Robert (Italy) and Roger (Sicily) were Normans. were Normans. H. Hanseatic League; guilds; chivalry; H. Hanseatic League; guilds; chivalry; Teutonic Knights; Cathedral schools; Teutonic Knights; Cathedral schools; women women