Movement in Anatomical Terms

The Anatomical Position Universal “starting point” All joints are considered to be in a neutral position No movement has occurred yet Arms slightly to the side, palms up! Standing erect, palms and feet facing forward

Planes Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned for viewing structures By studying a region from sagittal, horizontal, and frontal planes of reference, a 3-D perspective can be obtained.

Planes Sagittal: the plane that creates a right and a left side of the body passing from the front to the back Horizontal: also called the transverse plane, creates a top and a bottom Frontal: also called the lateral plane, creates a front and a back side as it passes from one side of the body to another

Anatomical Positions and Directions Used for spatial relationships Superior: refers to something that is above or higher than another structure Inferior: refers to something that is below or lower than another structure

Anatomical Positions and Directions Lateral: Refers to something farther away from the midline of the body Medial: Refers to something closer to the midline of the body

Anatomical Positions and Directions Anterior: Refers to a structure that is in front of another structure Posterior: Refers to a structure that is behind another structure

Anatomical Positions and Directions Proximal: means closer to the trunk Distal: means farther away from the trunk Dorsal: means top side of a structure (dorsal fin) Plantar: the underside of the foot

Anatomical Positions and Directions Prone: means lying face down Supine: means lying face up Afferent: directed toward a center Efferent: directed away from a center Central: situated or pertaining to a center Peripheral: situated away from a center Median: situated in the midline of a structure

Anatomical Positions and Directions Intermediate: situated between median (middle) and lateral (side) Deep: situated far beneath the surface Superficial: situated near the surface

Fundamental Movements Flexion: decreasing the angle formed by the bones of the joint Extension: increasing the angle of the joint Example: knee flexion vs. knee extension Hyperextension: extreme or excessive straightening of a part

Fundamental Movements Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body Example: hip adduction vs. hip abduction

Fundamental Movements Internal (Medial) Rotation: the anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates medially toward midline. External (Lateral) Rotation: the anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates laterally away from the midline

Fundamental Movements Circumduction: movement in 2 or 3 planes At which joints is this movement possible?

Fundamental Movements Pronation: turning the forearm toward the body Supination: turning the forearm outward from the pronated position (hold a cup of soup)

Fundamental Movements Dorsiflexion: bringing the toes towards the body Plantar Flexion: pointing the toes away from the body

Injury Terms Abrasion: skins surface scraped away Acute: recent or new injury; sudden onset Atrophy: wasting away of tissue or an organ Avulsion: tearing away of a part or a structure Bursa: fluid filled sac

Injury Terms Calcification: deposits of calcium in an area Chronic: injury with a long onset and long duration Contraindicate: to advise against Contusion: bruise Crepitus: crackling sound Cyanosis: blue discoloration

Injury Terms Dislocation: complete separation of two ends of a joint Subluxation: partial or incomplete separation of a joint Ecchymosis: bruising, blue color Edema: swelling in the tissue Effusion: swelling in the joint Fracture: break in the bone

Injury Terms Hematoma: collection of or swelling that is blood; blood tumor Incision: straight cut; surgical cut Indicate: advise the use of Inflammation: body’s response to injury Joint Laxity: Looseness in the joint Laceration: jagged tear of the skin

Injury Terms Ligament: structure that connects bone to bone Tendon: structure that connects muscle to bone Modality: healing apparatus Point Tenderness: pain produced when structure is palpated Puncture wound: body part is pierced or stabbed by an object

Injury Terms Range of Motion: amount of movement allowed at the joint Referred Pain: pain felt somewhere other than its origin Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligaments Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle/tendons Valgus: position of a body part that is bent outward Varus: position of a body part that is bent inward

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Arthro: Joint Cardio: Heart Chondro: Cartilage Neuro: Nerve Pneumo: Lung Pyscho: Brain/Mental Tomy: To Cut/Incision Plantar: Sole of the foot

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Supra/Super: Above Semi: Half Palmar: Palm of the Hand Thermo: Heat Cryo: Cold Arterio: Arteries Cerebro: Brain Myo: Muscle

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Osteo: Bone Derm: Skin Sub: Below/beneath Pseudo: False Quad: Four Hyper: Excessive Brachium: Arm Phalangeal: Fingers/Toes

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Cephalic: Towards the Head Vertebro: Vertebrae/Spine A/An: Without/Lack of Ad: Toward Bi: Both/Two/Twice Inter: Between Hypo: Under/Beneath

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Sym/Syn: Joined/fused Algia: Pain Itis: Inflammation Ology: Study of Pathy: Disease Uni: One/single Epi: Above Ab: Away from

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Ante: Before, In Front Of Co/con: Against Intra: Within Peri: Around Re: Again/Backward Retro: Behind Ectomy: Remove Oma: Tumor

Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes Osis: Condition of Scopy: Examine Post: After