1. Movement in Anatomical Terms

2. The Anatomical Position
Universal “starting point”
All joints are considered to be in a neutral position
No movement has occurred yet
Arms slightly to the side, palms up!
Standing erect, palms and feet facing forward

4. Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned for viewing structures
By studying a region from sagittal, horizontal, and frontal planes of reference, a 3-D perspective can be obtained.

5. Planes
Sagittal: the plane that creates a right and a left side of the body passing from the front to the back
Horizontal: also called the transverse plane, creates a top and a bottom
Frontal: also called the lateral plane, creates a front and a back side as it passes from one side of the body to another

7. Planes

8. Anatomical Positions and Directions
Used for spatial relationships
Superior: refers to something that is above or higher than another structure
Inferior: refers to something that is below or lower than another structure

9. Anatomical Positions and Directions
Lateral: Refers to something farther away from the midline of the body
Medial: Refers to something closer to the midline of the body

10. Anatomical Positions and Directions
Anterior: Refers to a structure that is in front of another structure
Posterior: Refers to a structure that is behind another structure

11. Anatomical Positions and Directions
Proximal: means closer to the trunk
Distal: means farther away from the trunk
Dorsal: means top side of a structure (dorsal fin)
Plantar: the underside of the foot

12. Anatomical Positions and Directions
Prone: means lying face down
Supine: means lying face up
Afferent: directed toward a center
Efferent: directed away from a center
Central: situated or pertaining to a center
Peripheral: situated away from a center
Median: situated in the midline of a structure

13. Anatomical Positions and Directions
Intermediate: situated between median (middle) and lateral (side)
Deep: situated far beneath the surface
Superficial: situated near the surface

14. Anatomical Positions and Directions

15. Fundamental Movements
Flexion: decreasing the angle formed by the bones of the joint
Extension: increasing the angle of the joint
Example: knee flexion vs. knee extension
Hyperextension: extreme or excessive straightening of a part

16. Fundamental Movements
Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction: movement toward the midline of the body
Example: hip adduction vs. hip abduction

17. Fundamental Movements
Internal (Medial) Rotation: the anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates medially toward midline.
External (Lateral) Rotation: the anterior surface of the arm or leg rotates laterally away from the midline

18. Fundamental Movements
Circumduction: movement in 2 or 3 planes
At which joints is this movement possible?

19. Fundamental Movements
Pronation: turning the forearm toward the body
Supination: turning the forearm outward from the pronated position (hold a cup of soup)

20. Fundamental Movements
Dorsiflexion: bringing the toes towards the body
Plantar Flexion: pointing the toes away from the body

21. Fundamental Movements

22. Injury Terms Abrasion: skins surface scraped away
Acute: recent or new injury; sudden onset
Atrophy: wasting away of tissue or an organ
Avulsion: tearing away of a part or a structure
Bursa: fluid filled sac

23. Injury Terms Calcification: deposits of calcium in an area
Chronic: injury with a long onset and long duration
Contraindicate: to advise against
Contusion: bruise
Crepitus: crackling sound
Cyanosis: blue discoloration

24. Injury Terms Dislocation: complete separation of two ends of a joint
Subluxation: partial or incomplete separation of a joint
Ecchymosis: bruising, blue color
Edema: swelling in the tissue
Effusion: swelling in the joint
Fracture: break in the bone

25. Injury Terms
Hematoma: collection of or swelling that is blood; blood tumor
Incision: straight cut; surgical cut
Indicate: advise the use of
Inflammation: body’s response to injury
Joint Laxity: Looseness in the joint
Laceration: jagged tear of the skin

26. Injury Terms Ligament: structure that connects bone to bone
Tendon: structure that connects muscle to bone
Modality: healing apparatus
Point Tenderness: pain produced when structure is palpated
Puncture wound: body part is pierced or stabbed by an object

27. Injury Terms Range of Motion: amount of movement allowed at the joint
Referred Pain: pain felt somewhere other than its origin
Sprain: stretching or tearing of ligaments
Strain: stretching or tearing of muscle/tendons
Valgus: position of a body part that is bent outward
Varus: position of a body part that is bent inward

28. Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes
Arthro: Joint
Cardio: Heart
Chondro: Cartilage
Neuro: Nerve
Pneumo: Lung
Pyscho: Brain/Mental
Tomy: To Cut/Incision
Plantar: Sole of the foot

29. Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes
Supra/Super: Above
Semi: Half
Palmar: Palm of the Hand
Thermo: Heat
Cryo: Cold
Arterio: Arteries
Cerebro: Brain
Myo: Muscle

30. Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes
Osteo: Bone
Derm: Skin
Sub: Below/beneath
Pseudo: False
Quad: Four
Hyper: Excessive
Brachium: Arm
Phalangeal: Fingers/Toes

31. Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes
Cephalic: Towards the Head
Vertebro: Vertebrae/Spine
A/An: Without/Lack of
Ad: Toward
Bi: Both/Two/Twice
Inter: Between
Hypo: Under/Beneath

32. Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes
Sym/Syn: Joined/fused
Algia: Pain
Itis: Inflammation
Ology: Study of
Pathy: Disease
Uni: One/single
Epi: Above
Ab: Away from

33. Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes
Ante: Before, In Front Of
Co/con: Against
Intra: Within
Peri: Around
Re: Again/Backward
Retro: Behind
Ectomy: Remove
Oma: Tumor

34. Root Words, Prefixes, & Suffixes
Osis: Condition of
Scopy: Examine
Post: After

35. Joint Anatomy

36. Joint Anatomy Synovial: -Classifications: -Immovable: Synarthrotic
-Slightly Movable: Amphiarthrotic
-Freely Movable: Diarthrotic
-4 Features:
-Capsule or Ligaments
-Synovial Membrane
-Articular Cartilage
-Joint cavity w/ synovial fluid

37. Joint Anatomy Synovial: -Types: -Ball & Socket: Shoulder -Hinge: Elbow
-Pivot: (Atlas/Axis)
-Ellipsoidal: Phalanges
-Saddle: Thumb
-Gliding: Wrist

38. Joint Anatomy Fibrous: -Features: -Connected by fibrous tissue
-Immovable or slightly
movable
-Types:
-Sutures: Skull
-Syndesmosis: Interosseous
-Gomphosis: Teeth

39. Joint Anatomy Cartilagenous: -Features: -Joined by cartilage
-Slightly Movable
-Types:
-Syndchondroses: Ribs (hyaline cartilage)
-Symphysis: Pubic Symphysis, Intervertebral Discs (Fibrocartilage)