Prenatal & Newborn Infancy & Childhood –Physical –Cognitive –Social Adolescence Adulthood Issues & Questions –What is the ideal age –Stages or process –Stability & change –Nature / Nurture This will tie in to previous chapters: -Nature/Nurture -Neuroscience -Perspectives -Sens/Perc

Objectives ( there are a few again!) Discuss the course of prenatal development & the destructive impact of teratogens Describe the capacities of the newborn & the use of habituation for assessing infant cognition Discuss the influence of maturation & experience on brain & motor development Describe Piaget’s view of how the mind develops, & discuss his stage theory of cognitive development, noting current thinking regarding cognitive stages Discuss the effect of body contact, familiarity, & responsive parenting on infant social attachments

Describe the benefits of a secure attachment & the impact of parental neglect & separation as well as day care on child development Describe the early development of a self- concept, & discuss possible effects of different parenting styles on children Define adolescence, & identify the major physical changes that occur during this period of life Describe the adolescent’s growing reasoning power & Kohlberg’s theory of moral development, noting the relationship between thoughts & actions Discuss the search for identity & the development of intimate social relationships during the adolescent years

Identify the major physical changes that occur in middle & older adulthood Describe the impact of aging on adult memory & intelligence Explain why the path of adult development need not be tightly linked to one’s chronological age Discuss the importance of family & work commitments in adult development Describe the people’s life satisfaction across the life span & their reactions to death or the prospect of dying Summarize current views regarding continuity vs. stages & stability vs. change in lifelong development

Stage Theorists Piaget Freud Erikson Kohlberg Cross-sectional Longitudinal Sequential – combines

Infancy & Childhood Physical Development Motor Development Cognitive Development Are children mini adults???

Prenatal & Newborn Teratogens Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Reflexes (see HO) –Rooting –Sucking –Grasping –Moro –Babinski Senses & Competencies Critical Periods 1 st year of life Ovum + Sperm = Zygote Embryo, Fetal, Neonate

3-D Ultrasound

First fetal responses are reflexes At 15 weeks, the fetus can frown, grasp, squint, & suck thumb due to synapses in brain 20 weeks – taste & smell 24 weeks – feel movement & sound 25 weeks – can survive 27 weeks – optic nerve and light 32 weeks – deep sleep 35 weeks – hearing is mature, at birth baby can see shapes & colors w/i 13 inches

Development 2 months – laugh 4-5 months – recognize & smile at parents 5-6 months - sit 12 months – walk 20 months – kick a ball months – 2 word sentences 24 months – pedal 2 years – feel ashamed 4.5 years – stand on 1 foot 12 years – think about things not seen

Infancy & Childhood Self-concept Parenting Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative Uninvolved

Attachment Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth & Harry Harlow –Secure –Avoidant –Resistant –Also, Disorganized

Piaget Sensorimotor –0-2 years, literal meanings, cause & effect –Ex. Baby drops spoon 100 times –Playing peek-a-boo, can’t see me –Object permanence, separation & stranger anxiety Preoperational –2-7 years, learn to use symbols/personification, pretend –Egocentrism –Do not understand conservation, reversibility Concrete Operational –7-11 years- logical thinking Formal Operational –11 & up, abstracts, some never reach

Terms Developmental Psychology & Play Doh Pattern perception Visual cliff Object permanence Conservation Stranger anxiety Separation anxiety Attachment Critical Period Imprinting Temperament

Freud We will also see in Personality Oral –Birth to18 months –Focus is on mouth/nursing Anal –1 ½ - 3 years –Potty training Phallic –3-6 years –Genitals Oedipus & Electra Latency –6 years – puberty –Social & intellectual skills Genital –Puberty – adulthood –Seeks relationships

Erikson 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development Trust vs. Mistrust (infancy – 1 yr) Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Toddler 1-2) Initiative vs. Guilt (Pre-schooler 3-5) Competence vs. Inferiority (Elementary 6-puberty) Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence teens – 20s) Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult 20s – 40s) Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adult 40s – 60s) Integrity vs. Despair (Late adult 60s and up)

Kohlberg Moral Development Preconventional (before age 9) “I better share this toy or mommy will be mad” –To avoid punishment –To serve one’s own needs Conventional (Early adolescence) “We need to work together as a team” –Good boy, nice girl –Law and order Postconventional (Some will reach) “It’s not right!” –Social contract –Universal ethical principle Heinz study about husband stealing drug

Others… James Marcia –Identity moratorium adolescents –Identity foreclosure adolescents –Identity confused –Identity achievement Carol Gilligan (worked w/ Kohlberg) –Moral development in girls –Self & selfishness “difference feminism” Elizabeth Kubler-Ross –5 stages of dying/grief (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) –Also used to explain changes (divorce, job loss) Lev Vygotsky –“zone of proximal development” –Social development plays role in cognition

Adolescence a time of transition Kohlberg and morality Erikson and psychosocial Forming an Identity Intimacy Gender Separating from parents

Confusions “Suicide is a permanent solution to a temporary problem.” Identity Sexual orientation Parents Peers

Adulthood about your parents… Physical changes & life expectancy Aging process Physical, social & cognitive changes Memory & Intelligence –Crystallized (accumulated knowledge) – increases up to old age –Fluid (reason speedily & abstractly) – decreases slowly up to 75, then faster Death & Dying Satisfaction with life as a whole (p. 166) Your parents are going through things too!

Life events & Commitments (social clock – varies by culture) –Marriage –Parenting –Jobs (defines “who you are” for many) –Divorce –Empty nest –Menopause –Midlife crisis –Relocation –Retirement –Dementia (neurons in brain die, especially after 90) –Living will

Questions to consider How can you describe the decades of life? What are some of the developmental milestones? What type of parents are yours? What are the roles? How have the roles of adolescents changed? What can you say about your life/values/goals? Do you know your partner? What is known about old age & medical directives? How about donors and genetic counseling? Have you thought about death?

Conclusion Nature/nurture Continuity/stages Stability/Change Gender development Social psychology Thinking and language Role of Technology

Visual Timeline Create a visual timeline of development from conception to death This is your theory You should also include the major theorists to see how they each contribute and overlap How you do it is up to you – may be a poster, drawing, done by hand or on computer