Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Chapter 1 - The Human Body: An Orientation Objectives: Be able to:  List systems of the body; group and identify the organs in each system; match from a list of systems the organs that belong to the systems and their functions  Determine the interdependency of the structural hierarchy of the organisms and be able to write short answers to critical thinking questions  List and recall the anatomical parts and regions and label them on diagrams and models  Describe the meaning of homeostasis and identify its three components  Explain the principle of homeostasis in your own words and write short answer to critical thinking questions  Give short descriptions of the various tools of imaging technology  Build a vocabulary of anatomical terms

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Overview of Anatomy and Physiology  Anatomy:  Study of:  The structure of body parts, and  Their relationships to one another  Subdivided into:  Gross or macroscopic: Large visible structures (naked eye)  Microscopic: Too small to be seen by the naked eye.  Developmental: Structural changes throughout life  Physiology:  The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Microscopic Anatomy:  Subdivided into:  Cytology:  Study of the cell  Histology:  Study of tissues (similar cells with the same function) What is the difference between a cell & a tissue?

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Tools for Studying Anatomy:  Mastery of anatomical terminology  Observation  Manipulation  In a living person:  Palpation (feeling organs with hands)  Auscultation (listening to organ by a stethoscope)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Principle of Complementarity  Anatomy & physiology are individual subjects  But, they are inseparable  Function always reflects structure  What a structure can do depends on its specific form  This called the principle of complementarity  Example:  Blood flows in one direction because the:  Structure of the heart valves prevents backflow (unidirectional blood flow)

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization Human body has many structural organization levels:  Chemical:  Atoms (smallest units of ……..?) combined to form molecules  Molecules (smallest units of ………?)  Cellular:  Molecules combine forming ………..? (basic cellular components)  Cells are the smallest units of ……….? (1-cell organisms)  Tissue:  Consists of a group of similar cells having a common function  Four basic types of tissues in the human body:  Epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, & nervous tissue

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Levels of Structural Organization (cont’d.)  Organ  Discrete structure made up of at least two tissue types  Performs a specific function for the body  Organ system:  Consists of different organs that work closely together  Accomplishes a common purpose  Organismal:  An organism is made up of the organ systems  The sum total of all levels work together to promote life

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 Molecules Atoms Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1 2 Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Smooth muscle cell Molecules Atoms Smooth muscle tissue Epithelial tissue Heart Blood vessels Smooth muscle tissue Connective tissue Blood vessel (organ) Cardiovascular system Cellular level Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue level Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ level Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ system level Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal level The human organism is made up of many organ systems. Chemical level Atoms combine to form molecules. Levels of Structural Organization Figure 1.1

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Body Syems: Integumentary System  Forms external body covering  Composed of:  The skin  Sweat and oil glands  Hair and nails  Protects underlying tissues against:  Drying out  Injury  Synthesizes vitamin D Figure 1.3a

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Skeletal System  Composed of:  Bones  Cartilage  Ligaments  Protects & supports body organs  Framework for muscles  Site of blood cell formation  Source of mineral reserve Figure 1.3b

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Muscular System  Composed of:  Muscles  Tendons  Allows movement (moving the limbs)  Maintains posture  Facilitates facial expression Figure 1.3c

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Nervous System  Composed of:  The brain  Spinal cord  Nerves  The fast-acting control system of the body  Responds to environmental stimuli by transmitting:  Electrical impulses  Electrical impulses activate:  Muscles  Glands Figure 1.3d

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular System  Composed of:  The heart  Blood vessels  Heart:  Pumps blood  Blood vessels:  Transport blood thru the body  Delivers (to tissues):  Oxygen (O 2 ) & Nutrients  Removes (from tissues):  C O 2 (to the lungs) & metabolic waste Figure 1.3f Cardiovascular System

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Respiratory System  Composed of:  Nasal cavity, pharynx, Larynx  Trachea, bronchi  Lungs  Keeps blood supplied with O 2  Excretory function :  Removes CO 2 from the blood (metabolic waste removal thru breathing) Figure 1.3h

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Lymphatic System/Immunity  Composed of:  Lymph organs (red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes)  Lymphatic vessels  Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels  Returns leaked fluid to blood  Houses white blood cells  Protects the body (destroys bacteria & tumor cells) Figure 1.3g

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Digestive System  Composed of:  Oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, & anus  Accessary organs & glands (teeth, tongue, liver, gall bladder, & pancreas)  Breaks down food classes into their building blocks to enter blood  Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces Figure 1.3i

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Urinary System  Composed of:  Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra  Rids the body of nitrogenous wastes, the byproducts of……..?  Regulates:  Body fluids (H 2 O conservation)  Electrolytes  Blood pH Figure 1.3j

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Male Reproductive System  Composed of:  Scrotum, testes, ductus deferens, glands, and penis  Production of:  Sperm & male sex hormones (testes)  Offspring  Sperm delivery to female reproductive tract (ducts and glands) Figure 1.3k

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Female Reproductive System  Composed of:  Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina; mammary glands  Production of:  Eggs & female sex hormones (ovaries)  Offspring  Site for fertilization and fetal development  Production of milk to nourish the newborn (mammary glands) Figure 1.3l

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Endocrine System  Composed of:  Hormone-secreting ductless glands  Hormone-regulated processes:  Growth  Reproduction  Metabolism

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Organ Systems Interrelationships  Integumentary system protects body from external environment  Digestive and respiratory systems:  In direct contact with external environment  Take in nutrients and oxygen, respectively  Integumentary, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems:  Work together to rid the body from toxic waste

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1) Name four organ systems that rid the body from toxic metabolic waste 2) Name four organ systems that have direct contact with the external environment 3) Name the two regulatory organ systems in the body identifying each in terms of action speed Pre-Lecture 2 Quiz (June 5, ‘12)