1. Unit 1: Organization of the Body DLT #’s: 1 – 4 Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation 08/11/2014

2. Overview In this chapter we will define anatomy and physiology and discuss how the human body is organized. Three essential concepts – the complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization, and homeostasis – will unify and form the basis for your study of the human body. The final part of this chapter deals with the language of anatomy – terminology that anatomists use when they describe the body or its parts. In this chapter we will define anatomy and physiology and discuss how the human body is organized. Three essential concepts – the complementarity of structure and function, the hierarchy of structural organization, and homeostasis – will unify and form the basis for your study of the human body. The final part of this chapter deals with the language of anatomy – terminology that anatomists use when they describe the body or its parts.

3. DLT 1: I can define anatomy and physiology. Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. –Anatomy is concrete –Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined; it is not necessary to imagine what they look like.

4. Physiology concerns the function of the body: how the body parts work together and carry out their life-sustaining activities. Physiology concerns the function of the body: how the body parts work together and carry out their life-sustaining activities. –Not concrete –Explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy

5. Reference Man or Woman Interestingly, we should note that in order to simplify the study of the body most references to body structures and/or physiological values (body temp., heart rate, etc.) assume we are talking about either a healthy young (22-year-old) male weighing about 155 lb (the reference man), or a healthy young female weighing about 125 lb (the reference woman). Interestingly, we should note that in order to simplify the study of the body most references to body structures and/or physiological values (body temp., heart rate, etc.) assume we are talking about either a healthy young (22-year-old) male weighing about 155 lb (the reference man), or a healthy young female weighing about 125 lb (the reference woman).

6. DLT 2: I can explain the principle of complementarity. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form. What a structure can do depends on its specific form. This idea is called the principle of complementarity of structure and function. This idea is called the principle of complementarity of structure and function. Ex: Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits, and blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow. Ex: Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits, and blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that prevent backflow.

7. DLT 3: I can name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body. Chemical Level: Atoms combine to form molecules. Cellular Level: Cells are made up of molecules. Tissue Level: Tissues consist of similar types of cells. Organ Level: Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Organ System Level: Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely. Organismal Level: The human organism is made up of many organ systems.

8. DLT 4: I can list the 11 organ systems of the body, identify their components, and explain their functions.

9. –Digestive:  Structures-Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus  Function-Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. –Respiratory:  Structures-nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs  Function-Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body.

10. –Reproductive:  Structures-testes, penis, scrotum, ductus deferens, prostate gland, ovaries, fallopian tubes, mammary glands, uterus, vagina  Function-produce reproductive cells, overall function is production of offspring. –Cardiovascular:  Structures-heart, blood vessels and blood  Function-brings oxygen, hormones and nutrients to cells, fights infection, removes cell waste, helps to regulate body temperature

11. –Urinary:  Structures-kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra  Function-eliminates nitrogenous waste from the body; regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. –Skeletal:  Structures-bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons  Function-supports body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores mineral reserves, provides a site for red blood cell formation

12. –Muscular:  Structures-skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle  Function-works with skeletal system to provide voluntary movement, helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system –Nervous:  Structures-brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves  Function-recognizes and coordinates the body’s response to internal and external stimuli.

13. –Integumentary:  Structures-skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands  Function-barrier against infection and injury, regulates body temperature, protection from UV radiation –Lymphatic/Immunity:  Structures-white blood cells, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, red bone marrow  Function-protects the body from disease, houses white blood cells, collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns it to the circulatory system

14. –Endocrine:  Structures- hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, pineal gland, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes  Function-Glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, development, reproduction, and metabolism (nutrient use) by body cells