Population Geography I The Where and Why of Population Density Distribution Demographics (Characteristics) Dynamics
World Population
Density of World Population
Select Population Densities (people/mi 2 ) Lower 48 states 94.7 NJ 1134 Lincoln Co., NV 0.4 Manhattan 66,834 Wisconsin 98.8 Eau Claire Co. 146 Florence Co Milwaukee Co. 3885
High density in Bangladesh
Distribution: Why do we live where we live?
Population Distribution in North America
Trans-Siberian railroads in eastern Russia Omsk
Characteristics Ascribed –Gender –Race –Age Achieved –Education –Income –Occupation –Employment –Etc.
Census: Count of population and its characteristics
Dynamics Rate of Natural Increase (RNI) Births - Deaths = RNI
National population Births - Deaths + Immigration (in) -Emigration (out) = Population growth
Population increase and decrease
World Birth Rate (births per 1,000 population)
Doubling Time Number of years it will take for population to double, at current rate United States: 117 years Nicaragua: 21 years
World Death Rate (deaths per 1,000 population)
Epidemics (AIDS)
Infant mortality rate (deaths of infants <1 year old) Lack of maternal health care or child nutrition
Life Expectancy at Birth
Dependents are under 15 & over 65 How many are supported by group Problems? Dependency Ratio
AGE DYNAMICS
Low birth and death rates in Core Low population growth (except immigration) Steadily older population “Graying of the Core”
Population Pyramid tracks age-sex groups (cohorts)
U.S. (slow growth)
Tanzania, Africa (rapid growth)
Denmark (zero growth)
Germany (effect of wars)
Japan (effect of war)
China (One-child policy)
Sun City (Arizona) retirement community
Demographic Transition Move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates Took centuries of development for Core (highly developed countries to make transition More difficult for Periphery (LDCs) to make transition without its own capital, skills, education
Demographic Transition
Stages of Demographic Transition 1. Pre-Industrial Equilibrium (high birth/death rates) 2. Early Industrialization (better sanitation) 3. Developed industrialization (better health care) 4. Post-Industrial Equilibrium (low birth/death rates) 1234
Demographic Transition in Denmark HDC (low birth/death rates)
Demographic Transition in Chile Developing
Demographic Transition in Cape Verde, Africa Lesser Developed (high birth/death rates)
POPULATION GROWTH
Population growth in Periphery: Cause or symptom of poverty and environmental degradation?
Fertility Rate (# children per woman of childbearing age)
Not confirmed in reality Malthus Theory of “Overpopulation”
Ehrlich Theory of “Population Bomb” Population growth would deplete resources –Can be true on local/national level Treats population as cause
HDC responsibility for LDC growth HDCs consumes far more resources Demands cheap, unskilled young labor Population growth is a symptom of poverty
Why parents in LDCs have kids Better chance for one kid to survive Bring in the crops and income Help parents in old age Women often lack power to not have kids
Women’s empowerment: Contraception Rates
Policies to lower birth rate Voluntary –Availability of birth control –Incentives for small families Forced –One-child policy (China) –Coercive “population control” Social –Empowerment of women –Better health care and education –End to child labor –Social security