Use pictures/information in this power point with “A House Divided” packet as your notes.

Confederate forces surrounded Fort Sumter warning Union troops to leave by sunrise.

On April 12, 1861, at 4:30 am Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter South Carolina. The first shots of the Civil War had been fired.

No one died during the skirmish, Union forces were forced to surrender the fort to the Confederacy. A bloodless beginning to the bloodiest war in American history.

My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. Abraham Lincoln

Union’s Anaconda Plan: Step 1: blockade the South by land and water to cut off its trade. Step 2: take control of the Mississippi River and divide the South into two regions Step 3: capture the capital of the Confederacy; Richmond, Virginia. (Richmond only 90 miles from Washington, D.C.)

The Union would also rely on its superior advantages of population, transportation and manufacturing resources to win the war.

Southerners were motivated to fight to uphold their way of life. The Confederacy had the advantage with military experience. The South would fight a defensive war with the hope that they would gain the support of cotton starved European Nations like Great Britain.

Union blockades of southern ports led to a unique change in naval warfare, the ironclad ship. First duel between iron clad warships.

The Merrimac, outfitted with iron plates, could go to battle with the Union ships that blockaded the coast. Merrimac was an abandoned ship when Confederates refitted it. Changed name to Virginia.

The Union struck back with its own ironclad, the Monitor.

Union Monitor looked like “Yankee cheese box on a raft”. New Concept: Armored revolving gun turret.

Naval battle between Merrimac/Virginia of Confederacy and the Minnesota (Union). Monitor appears. Monitor is hit and steers into shallow water. Merrimac thought they were disabled. Had own problems so they headed back to Navy yard.

Young boys lied about age to enlist. CCS Hunley (Confederacy) – 1 st sub to successfully sink Union ship: USS Housatonia off Charleston.Used to break up blockade.

Many Northener’s felt that the rebellion could be crushed with the capture of the Confederate capital of Richmond. Union troops gathered in Washington, D.C. and prepared to march to Richmond. But the troops would not make it that far. At a Virginia creek known as Bull Run, Union forces clashed with Southern forces on July 21, 1861.

The battle started in Wilmer McLean’s farm field in Manassas VA. A cannon ball flew into his house and landed in the kitchen…exploding in his stew pot! He moved to a place called Appomattox Courthouse.

Union Army under Gen. McDowell marched from D.C. to Bull Run/Manassas. Attacked Confederates and drove them back. Confed. reinforcements arrived so Union retreated.

“There stands Jackson like a stonewall” Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson gains fame for his bravery at Bull Run

Onlookers got in the way of the Union retreat but Confederate forces too disorganized to pursue.

Bull Run was an overwhelming victory for the South. For the North, it was a shocking blow. Ended the North’s hope for a quick victory.

Union wants control of Mississippi River. Shiloh is small village where Tennessee River flows into Mississippi. *Union gains control of northern part of Miss. River.

Union establishes battle line until reinforcements arrive. Defeated Confederates.

Victory for Union – now have control of Mississippi River. Price of victory steep – over 23,000 casualties on both sides.

"I can't spare this man; he fights." Abraham Lincoln "A Very Bloody Affair" Grant receives recognition for skills

Some people participate in reenactments.

Bloodiest Day in American History

Confed. Gen. Lee marches troops into Maryland. Wanted to crush enemy’s morale. His battle plans were lost and found by the Union. He’s outnumbered 2 to 1 but still fought. Almost 24,000 casualties and 6,000 dead in 1 day.

Both sides suffered severe losses. Union Gen. McClellan didn’t chase Lee when he retreated into Virginia. Considered a draw (no clear winner) but Union claims victory. Gave Lincoln victory so he could issue Emancipation Proclamation.

George McClellan "If General McClellan does not want to use the army, I would like to borrow it for a time." Abraham Lincoln Robert E. Lee

Gen. Ambrose Burnsides During battle gave overly precise orders that caused confusion and delays.

Pretty even until now. Turning point of war.

Gen. Lee’s 2 nd invasion of north failed. Union under command of Gen. George Meade – thin, tough, hot-tempered and wasn’t afraid of Lee.

College town. Roads like a spokes of a wheel. Hard stone in this area – called Devils Den. Bullets ricochet off them.

Gettysburg sits on a ridge with a shallow valley in between. High ground had advantage.

Casualties were high on both sides: Out of roughly 170,000 Union and Confederate soldiers, there were 23,000 Union casualties (more than one- quarter of the army’s effective forces) and 28,000 Confederates killed, wounded or missing (more than a third of Lee’s army)

Union Gen. Buford told Gen. Meade to get more soldiers. Confederate problem: Cavalry star Gen. JEB Stuart went wrong direction – cavalry is like the “eyes” of the army. Confed/Rebel Gen. George E. Pickett arrived with fresh men. Led a famous charge - “Picketts Charge” but pushed back. Confederates retreat – line of wounded is 14 miles long.

Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address at dedication of Gettysburg National Cemetery. Most important 2 minute speech. 272 words long. Talked about the importance of the war.

Union Gain complete control of Mississippi River Confederacy divided in two – another turning point

Union Gen. Grant moved army. Left supply base and took a risk.

Union Navy blockaded river entry into city. City under siege for 48 days – people eating rats, etc… finally they surrender.

Ulysses S. GrantRobert E. Lee

1 st all black regiment: 54 th & 55 th Massachusetts Colored Regiment Led attack on Fort Wagner, S.C.

William Carney 1 st African American awarded Congressional Medal of Honor

Julia Ward Howe “Battle Hymn of the Republic” Her song inspired the soldiers and unified the nation Based on lyrics to a song about John Brown – asked to rewrite it. Linked last judgement of God to Union side. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching on. (Chorus) GloryGlory, glory, hallelujah!hallelujah Glory, glory, hallelujah! His truth is marching on. Clara Barton ‘Angel of the Battlefield” She worked as nurse in the frontlines during the Civil War After the war, she founded the American Red Cross

By 1864 all fighting in the south.

Union Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman – most terrible/most famous – “Sherman’s March to the Sea” Believed in total warfare.

Destroyed railroad tracks.

40 mile path of destruction. Captured Atlanta, GA and continued into the Carolinas.

Union Gen. William T. Sherman

Richmond, VA had been the Confederate capital.

The war began in my front yard and ended in my parlor".[ Wilmer McLean April 9 th 1865[