Northern Economy & Industrial Revolution
Northern Economy Manufacturing and business begins to grow. 1700s: Most Europeans & Americans were farmers, few skilled workers
Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: –Period of rapid growth using machines for manufacturing & production –First began in the textile industry (cloth) –Occurred in response to a demand for manufactured goods (War of 1812)
Started in Great Britain but manufacturing grew slowly in the U.S. Factors: –High price of labor –Lack of capital Industrial Revolution
War of 1812: –British blockaded ports –Americans begin to buy items from American manufacturers –Manufacturers expand, investors lend more money Industrial Revolution
Manufacturing Breakthrough James Hargreaves: patented spinning jenny in 1770 Could produce many threads at the same time. Spinning Jenny
Manufacturing Breakthrough Richard Arkwright: patented the water frame –Create dozens of cotton threads at one time! Lowered costs, increased production Water Frame
Manufacturing Breakthrough Interchangeable Parts—process developed by Eli Whitney that called for making each vital part of a machine exactly the same Eli Whitney
Manufacturing Breakthrough Mass Production— efficiently making large numbers of identical goods
3 Elements of Mass Production: Interchangeable parts Machines to make the parts Division of Labor- each worker does the same task over and over. Manufacturing Breakthrough
“To be independent for the comforts of life we must fabricate them ourselves. We must now place the manufacturer side by side of the agriculturist.” --Thomas Jefferson
Communication Samuel Morse: invented the first telegraph. Telegraph—sends pulses of electrical current through a wire Samuel Morse
Communication Morse Code Diagram
Communication 1844: First public test
Communication First shown to work in the election of 1844 Sent info for businesses, government, newspapers, private citizens Telegraph lines built alongside railroads 1861: transcontinental line completed
New Factories Northeast was the home of the nation’s industry- more rivers, more money to invest. Start of Industrial Revolution most factories ran on water power (rivers) Steam-powered factories replaced water-powered factories
New Factories Advantages of Steam-Powered Factories: – Built closer to cities because they don’t need to stay by a river. Closer to labor, transportation People flock to cities for jobs- population boom
Changing Life at Home Elias Howe: invented the sewing machine Elias Howe
Changing Life at Home Isaac Singer: improved the sewing machine Isaac Singer
Changing Life at Home Other inventions/improvements: –Iceboxes –Iron cookstove –Mass production of old items –Public water systems & indoor plumbing –Matches –Safety pin
Transportation Revolution Period of rapid growth in the speed & convenience in travel –More roads and canals built –New inventions (steamboat and railroad)
Advantages: Shipping times reduced –1817: shipping cargo from Cincinnati, OH to New York, NY took two months –1850s: One week Shipping costs reduced –Overland: $100 to ship a load of goods by land across NY state –Canal: $5 Made goods cheaper!! Transportation Revolution
Steamboat Robert Fulton: inventor who developed a steam- powered boat Robert Fulton
Steamboat 1803: steamboat tested in France Fulton demonstrating his steamboat to Napoleon Bonaparte
Steamboat Clermont: full-sized commercial steamboat
Steamboat Advantages: –Move quickly against the current –Did not rely on wind power –Shorter travel time, reduced costs
Railroads 1800s: Steam- powered trains developed in Britain 1830: Peter Cooper builds the Tom Thumb Peter Cooper
Railroads Steam-powered trains became popular after Cooper raced the Tom Thumb against a horse-drawn railcar
Railroads 1840: 2000 miles of track laid –Engineers built faster, more powerful locomotives –Accidents common because engineers would travel too fast 1860: 30,000 miles of track laid
Advantages: –Reduced shipping costs. –Goods could travel to distant markets quickly. –Undeterred by weather conditions. –Helped cities grow. Railroads