Cell Structure and Function 4/28/2017 SB1a

SB1a Students will analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction. 4/28/2017 SB1a

Levels of Organization Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System 4/28/2017 SB1a

Introduction to the Cell Cell is the smallest living unit of life Unicellular Multicellular 4/28/2017 SB1a

Discovery of the Cell Robert Hooke (1600’s) 1st person to see a cell Looked at a cork Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1700’s) 1st person to see a living cell Looked at pond water 4/28/2017 SB1a

In 1838 German botanist Matthias Schleiden concluded that cells make up all parts of a PLANT. In 1839 German zoologist Theodor Schwann claimed that ANIMALS are made of cells. http://www.rkm.com.au/posters/

Cell Theory In 1858, German physician Rudolph Virchow determined that cells come from other cells. All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic unit of life Cells come only from other cells 4/28/2017 SB1a

Think Critically How was the development of cell theory closely tied to advancements in technology? 4/28/2017 SB1a

General Cell Structure Cell membrane Some have Cell Walls Some bacteria, Plants Some cells have a Nucleus Organelles Small organ-like parts of the cell that have a specific “job” 4/28/2017 SB1a

2 Main Types of Cells Prokaryotes – no nucleus Example: Bacteria No organelles except Ribosomes Have cell membrane and some have cell wall Eukaryotes – have a nucleus Example: your cells 4/28/2017 SB1a

Think Critically What structural differences suggest that eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells? 4/28/2017 SB1a

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Animal Cell 4/28/2017 SB1a

Plant Cell 4/28/2017 SB1a

Cell Membrane A/k/a Plasma Membrane A/k/a Phospholipid Bilayer Job 1: Separate cell from the outside environment Job 2: Selectively Permeable – only lets some things in and out Fluid mosaic model Membrane is flexible and molecules studding membrane are similar to colorful tiles with different textures and patterns 4/28/2017 SB1a

Cell Membrane 4/28/2017 SB1a

Nucleus Contains the DNA Control center or “Brain” of the cell Has a membrane around it called Nuclear Membrane It is also selectively permeable Dark spot = Nucleolus This is where the DNA is found 4/28/2017 SB1a

Nucleus 4/28/2017 SB1a

Organelles: Ribosomes Job: Protein Factory Where proteins are made Small, round Made up of 2 subunits Some are attached to the ER Some are free floating Only organelle found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 4/28/2017 SB1a

Ribosomes 4/28/2017 SB1a

Organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Job: Highway system Tunnel system through the cell Provides storage and transportation Provides a location for the ribosomes to attach 2 types: Rough ER (RER) – has ribosomes on it Smooth ER (SER) – does not have ribosomes on it 4/28/2017 SB1a

Endoplasmic Reticulum 4/28/2017 SB1a

Think Critically If vesicles are almost constantly pinching off from the ER to carry proteins to the Golgi apparatus, why does the ER not shrink and finally disappear? 4/28/2017 SB1a

Organelles: Golgi Apparatus Job: Post Office Processes, packages and secretes substances made in the cell Looks like a stack of tubes Is actually a pinched off piece of ER 4/28/2017 SB1a

Golgi Apparatus 4/28/2017 SB1a

Organelles: Mitochondria Job: Power House or Energy Plant Where energy is made in a process called Respiration Energy = ATP Has an internal membrane called Cristae 4/28/2017 SB1a

Mitochondria 4/28/2017 SB1a

Think Critically Would you expect skin cells to contain more or fewer mitochondria than muscle cells? Explain. If a cell were exposed to a poison that blocked the cell’s ability to manufacture ATP, what effect would that have on the cell membrane’s transport processes? 4/28/2017 SB1a

Cytoskeleton Acts as the cell’s bones and muscles Provides internal framework that determines cells shape Made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules Microfilaments are involved in cell mobility and in producing cell shape Microtubules determine the overall shape of a cell and the distribution of organelles Important for cell division 4/28/2017 SB1a

Organelles: Cilia and Flagella Job: Locomotion Help the cell move Either have one or the other, not both Not all cells have either one Formed from microtubules Cilia Short, hair like Lots of them Flagella Long, tail like Generally one long one 4/28/2017 SB1a

Flagella and Cilia 4/28/2017 SB1a

Organelles: Lysosomes Job: Police, Military, Garbage Collectors Contain digestive enzymes Digests Food particles Bacteria Worn out cell parts Only found in Animal Cells Suicide Sacs 4/28/2017 SB1a

Lysosomes 4/28/2017 SB1a

Plant Cells Plants have 3 things animal cells do not have: Cell Walls Vacuoles Plastids 4/28/2017 SB1a

Plant Cells: Cell Wall Rigid covering around the cell membrane Gives the plant support 4/28/2017 SB1a

Cell Wall 4/28/2017 SB1a

Plant Cells: Vacuoles Central Vacuole Takes up 90% of the cell When a plant wilts (plasmolysis) it is because the water has left the central vacuole 4/28/2017 SB1a

Vacuole 4/28/2017 SB1a

Think Critically You know that both vesicles and vacuoles are hollow compartments used for storage. How do they differ in function? 4/28/2017 SB1a

Plant Cells: Plastids Store pigments Chloroplasts Chromoplasts Chlorophyll = green Chromoplasts Carotenes = orange Xanthophyll = yellow Leucoplasts Store starches 4/28/2017 SB1a

Plastids 4/28/2017 SB1a

Think Critically In Chapter 2, you learned about the four categories of carbon compounds called the “molecules of life”. Explain where some of those compounds are found in a typical cell. 4/28/2017 SB1a