1. CELLS AND CELL THEORY

2. CELL SCIENTISTS Robert Hooke-1665, observed small cavities in cork which he called cells.

3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek- late 1600’s, refined the microscope; saw single-celled organisms which he called “animalcules”

4. Rene Dutrochet-1824, discovered osmosis; concluded that plants and animals are both made of cells.

5. Robert Brown-1831, First to see and name the nucleus

6. Felix Dujardin-1835, first to notice cytoplasm

7. Matthias Schleiden-1839, wrote a paper stating all plants are made of cells

8. Theodor Schwann-1839, wrote a paper stating all animals are made of cells.

9. Rudolf Virchow-1855, first to see cell division

10. CELL THEORY: All living things are made of cells Cells are structurally and functionally similar Cells come from other cells

11. WHAT IS A CELL? The smallest unit that can perform all life processes.

12. What is an Organelle? one of several specialized structures, suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. eukaryoticcell

13. Prokaryotic Cells: 1. No nucleus 2. No membrane-bound organelles 3. Very small 4. DNA in one loop 5. Only bacteria

15. Eukaryotic Cells: 1. DNA in long strands (chromatin) in nucleus 2. Large in comparison to bacteria (prokaryotes) 3. Many membrane-bound organelles 4. All other organisms, except bacteria

17. EUKARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE: CELL MEMBRANE- Encloses all parts of the cell; Controls what goes in and out

18. Cell Membrane Structure: Phospholipid bilayer Embedded with proteins: (Marker, Channel, Receptor) Glycolipids Glycoproteins Fluid Mosaic Model

20. Cell Wall: Found in plants Made of cellulose Surrounds cell membrane Provides rigidity for plant

21. CELL WALL

22. Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance in a cell Surrounds other cell parts Composed of water, salt, & other organic molecules

23. cytoplasm

24. Nucleus: Directs & stores instructions for cell functions Encloses DNA (chromatin)

25. Nuclear Membrane Double membrane that isolates the interior of the nucleus from the cytoplasm Has pores to allow things to be transported into and out of the nucleus. 4 phospholipid layers

26. Nucleolus: Inside of nucleus Assembles ribosomes May be 1 or more than 1 nucleolus

27. Chromatin: Long strands of a DNA- protein complex found in nucleus chromatin

28. Nucleoplasm: A viscous fluid in the nucleus in which the chromatin & nucleolus are suspended.

29. Ribosomes: Protein factories of cell Line up amino acids in correct order ribosomes

30. Mitochondria: “Powerhouses” of cell Make ATP Complete breaking down of glucose molecules

31. Golgi Apparatus: Packages & distributes organic molecules that leave the cell Surround molecules with membrane

33. Lysosomes: Bags of enzymes that: Digest macromolecules Digest worn out cell parts Destroy invading bacteria

35. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Membrane system of folded sacs & tunnels Helps maintain homeostasis

36. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER has ribosomes & transports proteins Smooth ER has no ribosomes & transports lipid & carbs. Attached to nucleus

38. Centrioles & Centrosomes: Organizing centers for cell division Found only in animal cells centrosome centrioles

39. PLASTIDS: A class of organelles found only in plants and in some protists.

40. Chloroplasts: Site where glucose is made Contain chlorophyll

41. Leucoplasts: Change glucose to starch Look like grains of rice Starch is stored here leucoplast

42. Manufacture & store plant pigments Red, orange, purple, yellow Found in fruit, flowers & colorful leaves

44. Vacuoles: Fluid filled sacs Store enzymes, water, and waste products Large, central vacuole in plants Many small vacuoles in other cells (or none at all)

46. CYTOSKELETON: Helps cell hold its shape Made of microtubules and microfilaments Animal cell rely on this for maintaining cell structure

47. Microtubules: Hollow rods of protein Some extend from the cytoplasm to make up cilia and flagella

49. Microfilaments: Threadlike fibers found below the cell membrane Produce flowing motion in cytoplasm Help circulate organelles; improve cell efficiency

51. Comparison of Plant Cells to Animal Cells: PLANTANIMAL Cell WallNo Cell Wall PlastidsNo Plastids Large VacuoleSmall vacuoles or none Rely on cell wallRely on for structure cytoskeleton No centriolesCentrioles