1. Section 7.1 Summary – pages 171-174
The Cell Theory
Before microscopes were invented, people believed that diseases were caused by curses and supernatural spirits.
As scientists began using microscopes, they quickly realized they were entering a new world–one of microorganisms.
Microscopes enabled scientists to view and study cells, the basic units of living organisms.
Section 7.1 Summary – pages

2. Section 7.1 Summary – pages 171-174
The Cell Theory
Robert Hooke was an English scientist who lived at the same time as van Leeuwenhock (the first person to use a microscope).
Hooke used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead part of oak tree bark.
Hooke named the compartments he saw in the cork “cells.” He and some other scientists concluded that cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
Section 7.1 Summary – pages

3. Section 7.1 Summary – pages 171-174
The Cell Theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of organization
of organisms.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
Remember, no spontaneous generation!
Section 7.1 Summary – pages

4. Section 7.1 Summary – pages 171-174
Two Basic Cell Types
Cells that do not contain internal membrane-bound structures are called prokaryotic cells.
The cells of most unicellular organisms such as bacteria do not have membrane bound structures and are therefore called prokaryotes.
Section 7.1 Summary – pages

5. Section 7.1 Summary – pages 171-174
Two Basic Cell Types
Cells containing membrane-bound structures are called eukaryotic cells.
Most of the multi-cellular plants and animals we know are made up of cells containing membrane-bound structures and are therefore called eukaryotes.
Section 7.1 Summary – pages

6. Section 7.1 Summary – pages 171-174
Two Basic Cell Types
The membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells are called organelles.
Each organelle has a specific function that contributes to cell survival.
Section 7.1 Summary – pages

7. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane :
aka “The Cell Membrane”
All living cells must maintain a balance regardless of internal and external conditions.
This balance is Homeostasis.
Survival depends on the cell’s ability to maintain the proper conditions within itself.
Summary Section 2 – pages

8. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is the boundary between the cell and its environment.
Summary Section 2 – pages

9. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
allows a steady supply of glucose, amino acids, and lipids to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are.
removes excess amounts of these nutrients when levels get so high that they are harmful.
allows waste and other products to leave the cell.
Summary Section 2 – pages

10. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
By controlling what goes in and out of the cell, the plasma membrane maintains homeostasis.
The plasma membrane is able to maintain homeostasis because it is selectively permeable, it only allows specific molecules in and out.
Summary Section 2 – pages

11. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
Nutrients
Nutrients
Water
Nutrients
OOPS! Can’t go in!
Waste
Waste
Summary Section 2 – pages

12. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids back-to-back (or lipid-to-lipid).
Phospholipids are lipids with a phosphate attached to them.
Summary Section 2 – pages

13. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a flexible boundary of a cell. The phospholipids move within the membrane.
Summary Section 2 – pages

14. Summary Section 2 – pages 175-178
Plasma Membrane
Transport proteins allow needed substances or waste materials to move through the plasma membrane.
Summary Section 2 – pages

15. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
The Cell Wall:
Aka “The Cell Wall”
The cell wall is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection.
Section 3 Summary – page

16. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
The Nucleus:
Aka “The Boss”
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Nuclear Envelope
Section 3 Summary – page

17. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is suspended in the cytoplasm and is the site of cellular chemical reactions.
Ribosomes
ER + Ribosomes = Rough ER
Section 3 Summary – page

18. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
The Golgi Apparatus: aka “The Golgi Body”
The Golgi packages cellular products into a vesicle and sends them out of the cell.
Golgi Apparatus
Section 3 Summary – page

19. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Vacuoles
Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials. Notice the difference between vacuoles in plant and animal cells.
Vacuole
Animal
Cell
Plant
Cell
Regular closet
Garage
Section 3 Summary – page

20. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Lysosomes
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
Lyse = to break apart
Section 3 Summary – page

21. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time.
The chloroplasts belongs to a group of plant organelles called plastids, which are used for storage.
Chloroplasts contain a green
pigment called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll traps light energy and
gives leaves and stems their green
color.
Chloroplasts
Section 3 Summary – page

22. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.
A mitochondria has a highly folded inner membrane. Energy storing molecules (ATP) are produced on inner folds.
Inner membrane
Section 3 Summary – page

23. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Cytoskeleton
Cells have a support structure called the cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules are thin, hollow cylinders made of protein and microfilaments are thin solid protein fibers.
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24. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Cilia and Flagella
Some cell surfaces have cilia and flagella, which are structures that aid in locomotion or feeding.
Cilia and flagella can be distinguished by their structure and by the nature of their action.
Section 3 Summary – page

25. Section 3 Summary – page 179-187
Cilia and Flagella
Cilia
Cilia are short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion.
Flagella are long projections that move in a whip-like motion.
Flagella and cilia are the major means of locomotion in unicellular organisms.
Flagella
Section 3 Summary – page

26. Summary The Cell Theory (this is important):
1.All living things are composed of at least one cell
2. Cells are the basic unit of organization.
3. All cells come from other living cells.

27. Summary
Cells work like little factories: they are full of membrane-bound structures, called organelles that do a variety of different jobs. Each organelle has a specific job to do, just like little factory workers…or machines.
THE END…Almost

28. Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm

29. Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Ribosomes
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleolus
Chromatin
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi
Vacuole
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm