AP EURO Unit #6 – Early 20 th Century (The World Wars) Lesson #607 Search for Peace and Stability during the 1920s

Essential Questions 21. How did Stalin “fix” Russia? 22. What does it appear Fascism will do for Italy?

Conservative Authoritarian vs. Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships Conservative Authoritarians Like fascist Italy Obedient bureaucracies Controlled society mostly by taxing Relied on military to create a persona Had limited power

Conservative Authoritarian vs. Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships Radical Totalitarians, like Stalin and Hitler obtrusive and controlling Used violence to obtain power Used violence to maintain power Violence and fear Dominated arts and education Dominated the economy Inspired by past victories, like WWI A general disregard for individuals and for life

Communism and Fascism What do they have in common? How did they feel about… Parliament? use of violence and terror? censorship of media? Institutional propaganda Government public works projects Individualism

Communism What is this, in its purist form? What did it say about classes, women, etc? How did Stalin corrupt this? How did Stalin embrace this?

Fascism What was the chief goal? What was elevated to prominence? How about individualism? Nationalism? Racism? War and military? Unions and worker movements? Private ownership of businesses? Eugenics? (selective breeding to create a pure master race)

Mussolini and Fascism in Italy Arose from a threat of Bolshevism Fascism was a right wing single party dictatorship Nationalistic Keep the nation safe for the Middle Class Benito Mussolini – school teacher -> tyrannical leader Italian politics and society – a mess! THE BLACK SHIRTS – Fascist thugs – Beat up socialists – By 1922 – turned to arson and murder – 1922 March on Rome – Parliament resigned in protest – Young King Victory Emmanuel (age 22) – King requested Mussolini become Prime Minister 44m Doc

Mussolini’s Italy – created a new state Series of laws ended all elections Developed a cult of personality Encouraged women to have lots of kids Promised to stabilize life Huge public works projects Created governmental CORPORATIONS to organize monopolies of sections of production – 22 OF THEM IN Italy – Chamber of Corporations replaced Chamber of Deputies Raised tariffs: goal – to create a self-sufficient Italy 1935 – invaded Ethiopia – League imposed sanctions Economy remained stagnant; Italy became isolated 46m Doc

Stalin’s Russia It’s no longer called Russia It’s now the UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) “The Soviet Union” Joseph Dzhugashvili What did he do FOR Russian? What did he do TO Russians? Five Year Plans: Why did so many Kulaks rebel? What did this lead to? How does this apply to Ukraine? How can we feel the result today? How successful was Stalin? 15m Doc

Stalin’s Russia 400% industrial growth Greatest growth the world had ever seen However… What was the price? Human death rate was greater than all deaths in WWI Government could (and would) assign families apart “for the good of the party” Workers lived in deplorable conditions Goal: wartime footing to create a new army and society Women had a new “equal” position in Soviet Russia

Stalin’s Russia How was life “better”? How did women benefit? What were the Great Purges? 1932 – top officials complained of the suffering of the masses and Ukraine Stalin’s wife included Instead of backing down… 1.Later that day, he berated her 2.Later that night, she was found dead… apparent suicide

The Great Purge Snow trials, followed by executions Some tortured publically 8 million arrested Millions executed Millions sent to forced labor camps 1.5 million new government workers What was the result of all this? By 1941 – half of the party had been replaced Created hysteria No one really knows his reasoning