AP World History Review Period 5: Industrialization & Global Integration c. 1750 CE – c. 1900 CE

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism How did Industrialization affect seemingly unrelated fields like social structures, cultures, (arts, religion, literature) and the economy? How did Industrialization change how goods were produced? What ‘fueled’ the Industrial Revolution? What was the ‘2nd Industrial Revolution?’ How did the Industrial Revolution affect the role of science in larger society?

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism How did the Industrial Revolution influence world trade overall? What raw materials were commonly exported to industrialized areas? As industrial production rose, what type(s) of production declined? What role did monetary and precious metals play in the IR? How did the IR affect the scale of businesses and overall economic activity?

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism What were the important developments in transportation during the IR? What were the (categories of) responses to the IR? How did governments respond to the tremendous economic changes of the IR? How did the IR affect the social and demographic characteristics?

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced. IR caused by a variety of factors Europe’s location on Atlantic ocean geographical distribution of coal, iron, & timber European demographic changes & urbanization improved agricultural productivity legal protection of private property abundance of rivers and canals access to foreign resources accumulation of capital.

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced. IR caused by a variety of factors Development of Machines & reliance on fossil fuels Factory system Global spread → Europe, U.S., Russia, Japan “2nd Ind Rev” steel, chemicals, electricity after c.1850

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism New trade patterns further integrated global economy. Industrialists sought raw materials & new markets Need for raw materials & food supplies to feed rising populations → export economies: economy based around single natural resource (e.g. cash crops) New financial institutions developed to facilitate global investments Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations: capitalism Stock markets, insurance, corporations Some businesses grew to global scale

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism New trade patterns further integrated global economy. New financial institutions developed to facilitate global investments New developments in transportation: Railroads, Steamships, Telegraphs, Canals

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Responses to Capitalism Industrial states: Workers organized Protests against exploitation of workers Alternate visions of society offered Some non-industrial states resisted changes, attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of production Some states sponsored their own state-sponsored industrialization plans Meiji Japan, Russia’s Trans-Siberian RR, Muhammad Ali’s cotton textile industry.

5.1: Industrialization & Global Capitalism Responses to Capitalism Industrial states: Workers organized Protests against exploitation of workers Alternate visions of society offered Some non-industrial states resisted changes, attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of production Some states sponsored their own state-sponsored industrialization plans Meiji Japan, Russia’s Trans-Siberian RR, Muhammad Ali’s cotton textile industry.

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation What are the similarities and differences btwn colonialism and imperialism? How did imperialism affect Europe’s influence around the world? Which area(s) of the world became imperial powers, and why did they imperialize while others did not? What methods and tactics did industrialized states use to establish and expand their empires?

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation How did imperialism help, hurt, or change various states? How did anti-imperialism affect the Ottoman Empire’s territories? What were the effects of nationalism on various peoples and regions? How did imperialists justify imperialism?

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world. Existing colonial powers strengthened existing empires Europeans, U.S. & Japan established new empires in Asia/Pacific Spanish & Portuguese influence declined Scramble for Africa Settler Colonies Economic Imperialism (Dollar Diplomacy)

5.2 Imperialism & Nation-State Formation New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified Imperialism.

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform How did both the Enlightenment and colonized peoples’ actions affect political developments after 1750? How did political rebellions affect the political structures and ideologies around the world?

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform What role did the Enlightenment play in the making of political revolutions & rebellions possible? What new political ideas re: the individual, natural rights, and the social contract did the Enlightenment develop? What social & political norms did the Enlightenment thinkers challenge? What were the effects of their questioning?

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform What is the basis for national identity and nationalism? How did governments use these new ideas on their populations? Why did reform and revolutionary movements arise during the ‘long 19th century?” How did subject peoples relate to their ruling governments? What was the relationship btwn nationalism and anti-colonialism?

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform How did religion influence nationalism? How did imperial governments react to nationalistic rebellions? What other new ideologies did the Enlightenment stimulate? What new political ideologies developed from ca 1750-1900? What people or issues did the Enlightenment thinkers ignore or overlook?

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform Enlightenment thought (questioning established traditions) often preceded revolutions and rebellions. Voltaire, Rousseau Intellectuals challenged religion New political ideals re: “natural rights,” the individual, & “social contract” Social customs (led to growth of suffrage, abolition, end of serfdom)

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform Peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality, based on: Language Religion social customs territory

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform These newly imagined national communities linked this identity with the borders of the state … … while gov’ts used this idea to unite diverse populations.

5.3 Nat’lism, Revolution, & Reform The global spread of European political & social thought, together w/ the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies/solidarities. Liberalism Socialism Communism

5.4 Global Migration How did migrations in this period compare to earlier periods? What were the main social, economic, and political causes and effects of this new age of migrations? How did the IR effect migration patterns during this period? Why did people migrate? What were the social consequences and reactions to 19th century migrations?

5.4 Global Migration Migration was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies presented challenges to existing patterns of living. Changes in food production, medical conditions contributed to migrations

5.4 Global Migration Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons. Work: both voluntary (free) & coerced/ unfree (indent serv, slavery) Many migrants returned home

5.4 Global Migration Large scale migration produced a variety of consequences & reactions Most migrants male, leaving women to adopt new roles Migrants created new ethnic enclaves in new homelands Receiving societies not always “happy” re: new immigration

Resources for Additional Info John Green’s “Crash Course” videos. #28 American Revolution #29 French Revolution #30 Haitian Revolution #31 Latin American Revolutions #32 Industrial Revolution #33 Capitalism and Socialism #34 Nationalism #35 Imperialism