The Age of Napoleon Chapter 3 Section 3

The Rise of Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte moved through the ranks and became a lieutenant in the French army Napoleon Bonaparte moved through the ranks and became a lieutenant in the French army In 1794, general of the Committee of Public Safety In 1794, general of the Committee of Public Safety In Italy he won many battles and became well known and respected by his men In Italy he won many battles and became well known and respected by his men He returned to France a hero and planned to invade Britain He returned to France a hero and planned to invade Britain Their navy was too powerful so he abandoned his army and returned to Paris Their navy was too powerful so he abandoned his army and returned to Paris

In Paris, he participated in the coup de’ etat of 1799 and overthrew the government He established a consulate, in theory it was a republic, but Napoleon had absolute power He was called the first consul and he appointed officials, controlled the military, and influenced legislature In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I of France

Napoleon’s Domestic Policies Napoleon’s first order of business is to mend relations with the Catholic Church Napoleon’s first order of business is to mend relations with the Catholic Church Napoleon was a believer of reason himself, but knew most of France was Catholic Napoleon was a believer of reason himself, but knew most of France was Catholic He made a deal with the Pope He made a deal with the Pope -he said that the Catholic church was allowed to be the major religion -he said that the Catholic church was allowed to be the major religion -in return, the Pope would not ask for lands taken during the revolution to be returned -in return, the Pope would not ask for lands taken during the revolution to be returned This won Napoleon great support This won Napoleon great support

Codification of Laws Civil Code or Napoleonic Code Civil Code or Napoleonic Code -equality for all citizens, right to choose a profession, religious freedom, etc. -equality for all citizens, right to choose a profession, religious freedom, etc. Civil Code made things worse for women Civil Code made things worse for women -women were not equal to men under the law -women were not equal to men under the law -when they married, they lost control over any property they had -when they married, they lost control over any property they had

A New Bureaucracy Napoleon also created a strong centralized government Napoleon also created a strong centralized government He created a bureaucracy of capable officials He created a bureaucracy of capable officials People received jobs on the basis of their talent People received jobs on the basis of their talent

Napoleon: Good or Bad? He did keep some major reforms of the Revolution He did keep some major reforms of the Revolution The Civil Code gave all citizens equality before the law The Civil Code gave all citizens equality before the law Government jobs were open to more people Government jobs were open to more people He did destroy some liberties He did destroy some liberties He shut down 60 of France’s 70 newspapers and restricted freedom of speech He shut down 60 of France’s 70 newspapers and restricted freedom of speech

Napoleon’s Empire When Napoleon became consul in 1799, he was at war with Britain, Austria, and Russia When Napoleon became consul in 1799, he was at war with Britain, Austria, and Russia In 1802, a peace treaty was signed, but war broke out again a year later In 1802, a peace treaty was signed, but war broke out again a year later Britain was joined by Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia Britain was joined by Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Prussia After a series of battles, Napoleon emerged victorious and was master of a grand empire After a series of battles, Napoleon emerged victorious and was master of a grand empire Was divided into Dependent States and Allied States Was divided into Dependent States and Allied States Dependent states were kingdoms ruled by Napoleon’s relatives Dependent states were kingdoms ruled by Napoleon’s relatives Allied states were countries defeated and forced to join the fight against Britain Allied states were countries defeated and forced to join the fight against Britain

Spreading the Principles of the Revolution In his new empire, Napoleon tried to spread revolutionary ideas In his new empire, Napoleon tried to spread revolutionary ideas These included legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom These included legal equality, religious toleration, and economic freedom In many countries, he destroyed the old order by getting rid of the privileges of nobles and clergy In many countries, he destroyed the old order by getting rid of the privileges of nobles and clergy

The European Response Two reasons Napoleon’s Empire failed 1) Napoleon was never able to defeat Britain -Britain was a sea power -Napoleon massed a fleet of ships to attack the British navy, but was defeated at Trafalgar in Next he tried to cut off trade between Britain and the allied states, but the allied states smuggled goods anyway Called the Continental System

2) Nationalism 2) Nationalism -the sense of unique identity of people (common language, religion, and national symbols) -the sense of unique identity of people (common language, religion, and national symbols) -Countries taken over by Napoleon began to unite against the invaders and overthrow them -Countries taken over by Napoleon began to unite against the invaders and overthrow them

The Fall of Napoleon Russia did not want to be a part of the Continental System Russia did not want to be a part of the Continental System Napoleon decided to invade Napoleon decided to invade In June 1812, Napoleons Grand Army of 600,000 people invaded Russia In June 1812, Napoleons Grand Army of 600,000 people invaded Russia The Russians refused to fight The Russians refused to fight Instead they retreated, and burned homes and crops Instead they retreated, and burned homes and crops Napoleon and his army could find no food or shelter Napoleon and his army could find no food or shelter When the Grand Army finally reached Moscow, it was on fire When the Grand Army finally reached Moscow, it was on fire

While in Moscow, the winter set it, so the Grand Army organized the Great Retreat While in Moscow, the winter set it, so the Grand Army organized the Great Retreat Thousands of soldiers starved and froze along the way Thousands of soldiers starved and froze along the way Only 40,000 of the original 600,000 made it to Poland Only 40,000 of the original 600,000 made it to Poland Now that the French army was crippled, European states joined together and captured Paris Now that the French army was crippled, European states joined together and captured Paris Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba off the coast of Italy Louis XVI brother was installed as king Louis XVI brother was installed as king

The Final Defeat The new king was not liked Napoleon slipped back into France and was welcomed He began to raise another army to attack a British and Prussian army in Belgium At Waterloo, Belguim we was defeated by the Brits and Prussians led by the Duke of Wellington Again, Napoleon was sent to exile, this time in St. Helena He stayed there until his death