Scientific Revolution

Geocentric theory Idea that the earth centered the universe  Sun, moon, planets circled Earth Believed to be true by ancient Greeks and Romans  Idea came from Aristotle Taught by Church Common belief in Medieval Times

Scientific Revolution Major change in European thought, starting in the mid 1500’s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Causes of Scientific Revolution European exploration  Science and mathematics Navigators needed better technology Lands discovered  New truths to be found Printing press

Heliocentric Theory Idea that the earth and other planets revolved around the sun Developed by Copernicus Published his beliefs the year of his death

Other Scientists Tycho Brahe  Studied and carefully recorded movement of planets for many years Johannes Kepler  Mathematically studied the movement of planets; proved elliptical orbits Both Brahe’s and Kepler’s research proved Copernicus was true

Galileo Galilei Built his own telescope and formed new theories about astronomy Astonishing observations  Jupiter had 4 moons  Sun had dark spots  Earth’s moon had rough uneven surface Supported theories of Copernicus

Conflicts with Church Galileo’s theories went against the Church’s teachings If church was wrong with this then what if they were wrong about other teachings Under threat of torture from the Pope  Knelt before the Cardinals and read a signed confession- Copernicus was wrong  Catholic Church officially acknowledged Galileo had been right

Scientific Method Logical procedure for gathering information about the natural world, in which experimentation and observation are used to test hypotheses  Observation  Problem/Question  Hypothesis  Experiment  Conclusion

Important Thinkers Francis Bacon-  Experimental method Experiment and then draw conclusions Rene Descartes-  Mathematician Used mathematics and logic

Isaac Newton Published Law of Gravity used mathematics and physics to prove how every object in the universe is equally effected by the same forces Universe is like a giant clock. Its parts all work together perfectly in ways that could be expressed mathematically

Scientific Instruments Microscope- Zacharias Janssen (1590) Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670’s)  Used a microscope to observe bacteria and to examine red blood cells Evangelista Torricelli (1643)  Mercury barometer (tool for measuring atmospheric pressure and predicting weather) Gabriel Fahrenheit (1714)  First thermometer to use mercury in glass Anders Celsius (1742)  Mercury thermometer- 0 degrees is freezing

Medical Discoveries Andreas Vesalius (1543)  Dissected human corpses  Published On the Structure of the Human Body  detailed drawings of human organs, bones, and muscle Edward Jenner (late 1700’s)  Vaccine to prevent smallpox  Used inoculation with germs from a cattle disease

Chemistry Robert Boyle (1661)  Sceptical Chymist Boyle’s Law- volume, temperature, and pressure of gas effect each other