CHAPTER 4 NAVAL LOGISTICS CHAPTER 4 NAVAL LOGISTICS MODULE: NAVAL KNOWLEDGE UNIT 2: NAVAL OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT FUNCTIONS MODULE: NAVAL KNOWLEDGE UNIT 2: NAVAL OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT FUNCTIONS

Introduction

In World Wars I and II, the entire resources of the participant countries were called upon for victory. Logistics History

Emphasis on logistics made World Wars I and II unique. Logistics History (Continued)

Modern logistics began during World War I. Logistics History (Continued)

In World War I, General Pershing had to think of the needs of over a million Americans in France. In World War I, General Pershing had to think of the needs of over a million Americans in France. Logistics History (Continued)

In World War II, logistics became the key to victory. In World War II, logistics became the key to victory. Logistics History (Continued)

It took 12 tons of equipment and food to supply each soldier sent overseas. Logistics History (Continued)

Military planning must consider logistics along with strategy and tactics. Military planning must consider logistics along with strategy and tactics. Logistics + Strategy + Tactics

Strategy is concerned with the general plan for the employment of the fighting forces. Logistics + Strategy + Tactics (Continued)

Tactics involve the specific maneuvers and techniques of fighting. Logistics + Strategy + Tactics (Continued)

The total process by which the materiel and human resources of a nation are mobilized and directed toward military ends. Logistics

To assemble or marshal (armed forces, military reserves, or civilian persons of military age) into readiness for active service. To organize or adapt (industries, transportation facilities, etc.) for service to the government in time of war. To assemble or marshal (armed forces, military reserves, or civilian persons of military age) into readiness for active service. To organize or adapt (industries, transportation facilities, etc.) for service to the government in time of war. Mobilization (Logistics)

Logistics + Strategy + Tactics (Continued)

Topic Review

Q. When did modern logistics begin? Reference Study Guide Question #1

Q. When did modern logistics begin? A. Modern logistics may be said to have begun in World War I, when the United States was required to support a large American expeditionary force in Europe. Reference Study Guide Question #1

Q. What is the relationship between strategy, tactics, and logistics? Reference Study Guide Question #2

Q. What is the relationship between strategy, tactics, and logistics? A. Strategy is concerned with the general plan for the employment of the nation’s fighting forces. Tactics involves the specific maneuvers and techniques of fighting. Logistics refers to the total process by which the resources of a nation, both material and human, are mobilized and directed toward the accomplishment of military goals. Thus, while strategy provides the scheme for the conduct of military operations, logistics provides the means. Reference Study Guide Question #2

Logistics Planning

In the event of total war, the whole United States national economy would have to be mobilized. Mobilizing the National Economy

The National Security Act of 1947 This act recognizes clearly that responsibility for national security is a matter of concern for the entire nation and is not confined to the military forces alone.

The Secretary of Defense advises the President on the coordination of military, industrial, and civilian mobilization. Secretary of Defense

Principles of Logistics Responsiveness Simplicity Flexibility Economy Attainability Sustainability Survivability Responsiveness Simplicity Flexibility Economy Attainability Sustainability Survivability

Responsiveness – providing the right support at the right time at the right place. Simplicity – avoiding unnecessary complexity in preparing, planning, and conducting logistic operations. Flexibility – adapting logistic support to changing conditions. Responsiveness – providing the right support at the right time at the right place. Simplicity – avoiding unnecessary complexity in preparing, planning, and conducting logistic operations. Flexibility – adapting logistic support to changing conditions. Principles of Logistics (Continued)

Economy – employing logistic support assets effectively. Attainability – acquiring the minimum essential logistic support to begin combat operations. Sustainability – providing logistic support for the duration of the operation. Survivability – ensuring that the logistic infrastructure survives in spite of degradation and battle damage. Economy – employing logistic support assets effectively. Attainability – acquiring the minimum essential logistic support to begin combat operations. Sustainability – providing logistic support for the duration of the operation. Survivability – ensuring that the logistic infrastructure survives in spite of degradation and battle damage. Principles of Logistics (Continued)

Logistics planning is the responsibility of the operational commander, who must ensure that logistic experts coordinate all operational and logistical plans. Logistics Planning

1. Supply 2. Maintenance 3. Transportation 4. Engineering 5. Health services 6. Other services 1. Supply 2. Maintenance 3. Transportation 4. Engineering 5. Health services 6. Other services Six Functional Areas of Logistics

Design Procurement Contracting Receipt Storage Inventory control Issuance of end items (ships, planes, tanks) Repairables Consumables (warfighting stock items) Design Procurement Contracting Receipt Storage Inventory control Issuance of end items (ships, planes, tanks) Repairables Consumables (warfighting stock items) Supply

Arms, ammunition, and equipment in general. The aggregate of things used or needed in any military operation. War Matériel

Preserve. Repair. Ensure continued operation and effectiveness of equipment, both afloat and ashore. Preserve. Repair. Ensure continued operation and effectiveness of equipment, both afloat and ashore. Maintenance

Transportation Units Personnel Units Personnel Equipment Supplies Equipment Supplies

Construction Damage repair Combat engineering Maintenance of facilities Construction Damage repair Combat engineering Maintenance of facilities Engineering

Medical and dental materiel Blood and blood products Facilities and services in both combat and noncombat environments Medical and dental materiel Blood and blood products Facilities and services in both combat and noncombat environments USNS Mercy (T-AH-19) USNS Mercy (T-AH-19) Health Services

This the provision of administrative and personnel support to operational forces, including: Record keeping Disbursing Food services Legal services Record keeping Disbursing Food services Legal services Other Services

Within the six functional areas, there are four elements of logistics: 1. Acquisition 2. Distribution 3. Sustainment 4. Disposition 1. Acquisition 2. Distribution 3. Sustainment 4. Disposition Four Elements of Logistics

The procurement of commodities, facilities, major weapons and end items. Acquisition

Commodities

Principle Acquisition Organizations of the Navy Principle Acquisition Organizations of the Navy

Methods used to get logistic support to the operating forces, its origin and destination, the lift assets available, and the urgency assigned. Distribution

The U.S. Transportation Command is in overall charge of strategic transportation for all U.S. armed services. The U.S. Transportation Command is in overall charge of strategic transportation for all U.S. armed services. Transportation

For deployed forces, about 90 percent of all strategic lift is done by civilian-crewed ships of the Navy’s Military Sealift Command. Navy’s Military Sealift Command

Pertains to the provision of adequate logistic support to permit continuous operations without interruption, as long as required. Sustainment

UNREP Supplies must be replenished.

VERTREP Establishing and maintaining support to the operating forces. Establishing and maintaining support to the operating forces.

Concerns the handling, storage, retrograde (removal from the theater of operations), and disposal of materiel and resources. Disposition

Removal from the theater of operations; retiring or retreating; having a backward motion or direction. Retrograde (logistics)

Environmental Impact The Navy-owned oil spill response inventory is one of the largest in existence.

U.S. Coast Guard The Coast Guard is the primary service responsible for oil-pollution response.

Topic Review

Q. What will probably have to be done from the logistics standpoint if the United States becomes involved in total war? Reference Study Guide Question #3

Q. What will probably have to be done from the logistics standpoint if the United States becomes involved in total war? A. If the United States becomes involved in total war, the whole national economy would have to mobilized efficiently. Reference Study Guide Question #3

Q. What are the seven principles of logistics that must be reflected in logistics planning at all levels? Reference Study Guide Question #4

Q. What are the seven principles of logistics that must be reflected in logistics planning at all levels? A. The seven principles of logistics that must be reflected in logistics planning at all level are: 1) responsiveness— providing the right support at the right time, at the right place; 2) simplicity—avoiding unnecessary complexity in preparing, planning, and conducting logistic operations; 3) flexibility—adapting logistic support to changing conditions; 4) economy—employing logistic support assets effectively; 5) attainability—acquiring the minimum essential logistics support to begin combat operations; 6) sustainability—providing logistics support for the duration of the operation; and 7) survivability— ensuring that the logistic infrastructure survives in spite of degradation and battle damage. Reference Study Guide Question #4

Q. What are the six functional areas of logistics? Reference Study Guide Question #5

Q. What are the six functional areas of logistics? A. The six functional areas of logistics plans are: 1) supply— includes design, procurement, contracting, receipt, storage, inventory control, and issuance of end items, spare parts, and consumables; 2) maintenance—actions necessary to preserve, repair, and ensure continued operation and effectiveness of equipment, both afloat and ashore; 3) transportation—the movement of units, personnel, equipment, and supplies from the point of origin to the final destination; 4) engineering—the construction, damage repair, combat engineering, and maintenance of facilities; 5) health services—the provision of medical and dental supplies, blood and blood products, and facilities and services in both combat and non-combat environments; and 6) other services—the provision of administrative and personnel support to operational forces, including record-keeping, disbursing, food services, and legal services. Reference Study Guide Question #5

Q. What are the four elements of logistics that come into play in each functional area? Reference Study Guide Question #6

Q. What are the four elements of logistics that come into play in each functional area? A. The four elements of logistics that come into play in each functional area are acquisition, distribution, sustainment, and disposition. Reference Study Guide Question #6

Logistics in Modern Warfare

Major Commands in the Atlantic and Pacific Major Commands in the Atlantic and Pacific They have formalized contingency plans for what their forces would do and how they would be supported logistically in the event of a future general war.

Materiel and ammunition have been prepositioned at U.S. bases in northern Europe. Prepositioning

Materiel and ammunition have been prepositioned on moored cargo ships at Diego Garcia. Materiel and ammunition have been prepositioned on moored cargo ships at Diego Garcia. Diego Garcia Diego Garcia Prepositioning (Continued)

The availability of cargo ships and tankers for wartime needs is questionable. Cargo Ships and Tankers

In a large-scale future war, U.S. airlines would be needed to carry military supplies and personnel. Use of U.S. Airlines

Topic Review

Q. What are prepositioned stocks of war matériel intended to do? Reference Study Guide Question #7

Q. What are prepositioned stocks of war matériel intended to do? A. Such prepositioned stocks would, it is hoped, be sufficient to sustain military operations until further resupply could be accomplished, most likely by seaborne transport from the United States. Reference Study Guide Question #7