Blood & Immune Health Lecture 12 HLTH-120N

Objectives List the 4 components of fluid tissue Describe the 2 proteins in the body that contain iron Indicate the 3 minerals that have similar absorptive and storage methods, and can interfere with each others absorption Recognize the role of zinc and copper in the blood Identify which nutrient deficiencies can result in anemia Identify individuals who will have a compromised immune system and what will poorly function

Functions of Blood Transportation – Waste Removal – Products of

4 components of fluid tissue Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets Plasma

Iron Hemoglobin – Protein in RBC’s containing – 4 polypeptides + 4 heme groups – Iron binds & releases through oxidation-reduction Myoglobin – Protein in containing – 1 polypeptide & heme group Energy Metabolism

Polypeptides Iron Heme Groups

Absorption – Depends on type, amount stored, amount ingested, and meat factor – Decreases with high intake of: Storage form – Ferritin – In enterocytes, liver, marrow, spleen – RBC usually turn over every 120 days Iron losses – Through gut enterocytes – With high

Intake considerations RDA differs for men & women Sources – Vegetables, legumes, meat Toxicity – Most common cause of death due to ________________________________ – Damage to heart, liver, CNS, kidney – Hemochromatosis

Iron Deficiency Stages Most common in.

Zinc Functions Enzymatic – Part of enzymes that produce. Structural – Maintain protein shape & function Regulatory – Aids gene expression

Absorption Increases with intake, growth, pregnancy, protein & factor Decreases with non-heme iron, phytates, fiber Sources Red meat, seafood, fortified/enriched products Toxicity Can depress immune function & lower iron status Deficiency Growth retardation, infertility, infection/illness

Copper Functions Part of ceruloplasmin – Oxidizes for transport Cofactor in: – Energy production – Connective tissue synthesis Antioxidant – Part of antioxidant systems

Absorption & losses Absorption with deficiency Stored in enterocytes; lost like. Sources Organ meats, seafood, nuts, beans Toxicity Wilson’s Disease Deficiency Anemia, low WBC’s, infantile/childhood osteoporosis

Vitamin K Coenzyme; makes protein for. Amount needed in diet depends on intestinal health – Why? Toxicity – No known side effects Deficiency – Newborns get injection

Folate Functions DNA synthesis, cell division for embryo Synthesis of RBC’s Metabolizes homocysteine Buildup of this can cause vascular disease Absorption in fortified food

Recommended intake – RDA : 400 µg/day adults, 600 µg/day during pregnancy Sources – Fortification to minimize birth defects – Liver, spinach, lentils, oatmeal, asparagus – Heat-sensitive; leached out in cooking liquid Deficiency Stages – 4 th is folate deficiency anemia Toxicity – Looks like B 12 deficiency

B 12 (Cyanocobalamin) Functions DNA synthesis for RBC formation Coats nerve fibers for conduction Homocysteine metabolism Obtained from animal sources Digestion, Absorption, Storage Bound to protein in food – Released with acid – Attaches to intrinsic factor for absorption – Enterocytes only recognize intrinsic factor

B 12 Deficiency More common > 51 years old – Atrophic gastritis – Low stomach acid Symptoms – Anemia, GI & neurologic issues – 4 stages of deficiency – Pernicious anemia

Blood Health Disorders Homocysteine High levels are associated with 2X risk for vascular disease (cardio, peripheral, cerebro) Adequate folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 may reduce risk for heart attack or stroke Anemia: low regardless of cause Symptoms – Palor, deprivation of &, poor immunity & memory Macrocytic – RBC’s abnormally _________ – Pernicious, low B12, GI issues Microcytic – RBC’s abnormally _________

Immune System Functions of a healthy system – Protects the body from infectious diseases – Helps heal wounds – Guards against the development of cancers Unhealthy malfunctioning * chronic inflammation and infection – Allergic reactions – Autoimmune response – Common in malnourished – Immune deficiency diseases

Nonspecific Immunity – Defense against microbes, venom, ingested toxins – Intact skin and healthy mucous membranes – Stomach acid destroys food-borne bacteria – Inflammatory response Specific Immunity – Directed against recognized antigens – Induces antibodies to destroy invader – Acquired with:,, etc.

Protein Energy Malnutrition Impairs immune function – Malnutrition risk of infection – Infection appetite – Decreased ability to respond to antigens Decreased immunocompetence is a sensitive indicator of reduced nutritional status Energy & AA’s needed for immune function

Overnutrition / Obesity Increases incidence of infections Delays wound healing Poor antibody response to vaccination Inflammatory state increases asthma, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes among obese individuals

Essential Fatty Acids – Create signaling molecules in immune system – Omega-3 to omega-6 ratio important Inflammatory response should fight infection Vitamins, Mineral & phytochemicals – Vitamin A maintains GI cells – Vitamins C and E protect from ROS – Zinc assists immune cell production – Copper decreases growth factor for immune cells – Selenium is part of GSH & produces antibodies