Roshini Pillay 13 July 2010

 Introduction to Health and Well- being  Models, Culture and traditional medicine  Introduction to HIV/AIDS  The role of a the social worker in a health setting.  Trauma and stress  Disability

 On-line discussion forums  An assignment  A test  Assessment in the examination

 Why do you think that social workers need to study health and well-being issues?

 People are living longer with chronic health conditions.  People interact longer with the health care professionals  Social worker need to consider the relationship  Causes of ill-health – single vs. multiple e.g. HIV/AIDS  The need for multidisciplinary teamwork.

POVERTY Gender exploitation Low Literacy levels Poor recreational opportunities Overcrowding Alcohol and dagga Poor access to education Sex work Unrest and violence Cultural & traditional disintegration Poverty contributes to the spread on HIV/AIDS Adapted from Evian,2006. p. 22

 Advances in biomedical knowledge  Advances in health care technology  Alternate methods of Treatment e.g. acupuncture, yoga, tai chi and homeopathy.  Physicians are becoming super technicians  Focus on prevention wellness and maintenance of health Read : Gilbert, L., Selikow, T.,& Walker, L. (2002). Society, Health and Disease: An Introductory Reader for Health Professionals P3-10, and

 As Social Workers we have no choice.  but to be proactive;  and to reduce the degree of uncertainty and using the uncertainty to our advantage, by anticipating the future, preparing for it and venturing into it with faith in ourselves, with creativity, with imagination, and the willingness to take risks.  Dhooper. S.S. 1997

 Hospitals  Clinics  Rehabilitation centers  Nursing homes  Health departments  Hospices  Social work agencies

 The inequalities between private and pubic health  There is a wide gulf between what is spent in the private sector (which sees about ¼ of the population using two thirds of the health spending ) and in the public sector.  Globally the Millennium Development Goals (United Nations 2000) -inequalities in health are a major barrier to improved population health and well-being, to economic growth and to social stability.

 It is a powerful marker to signs of social injustice and contravention of human rights  Trends in life expectancy is important  SA 53 years for males and 57 years for females.  Life expectancy in Canada and Japan is over 80.

 A persons chances for a long life are a product of:  Material circumstances  Gender  Males:53,5 years  Females: 57,2 years

1. Food 2. Safe drinking water 3. Sanitation facilities 4. Health 5. Shelter 6. Education 7. Information 8. Access to services

1. Poverty related diseases 2. Emerging chronic diseases 3. Injuries This has been made worse by the HIV /AIDS HIV prevalence rate is 10.6 % 5.21 million people are HIV positive

 TOTAL POPULATION  The figures obtained from Statistics SA in 2009 noted that SA has a total population of about 49,32 million people.  Gauteng has the largest share of the population with 21.4 % of the people ( ( ) GENDER  Females:25, 45 million (52%)  Males:23.87 mill(48%)

Population group No (Male)% of total population (Male) No (Female)% of total population (Female) AFRICAN COLOURED WHITE INDIAN/ ASIAN TOTAL

 Develop a working definition of health!!!  Why do we need to consider health within a social context?

 There is little consensus about," what is health”  Health is multifaceted phenomenon – some people maybe healthy according to some criteria but not according to others, then there is also the difference between mental health and physical health.  There are no set features common to all healthy people  Definitions therefore vary from where and when they come from.

1. Health WHO : 1948 an old classic: “ A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, and not merely the absence of disease”.  WHO (1986), in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, health is "a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living”.Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion  Health - positive concept- social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities

 Biological definition :health is state in which every cell of the body is functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony with each other cell. Twaddle,A. C.(1974)  In the medical fraternity that illness is any state that has been diagnosed as such by a competent professional.

 A quest for maximum human functioning that involves the body mind and spirit.  Dimensions:  Psychological  Spiritual  Physical fitness  Job satisfaction  Relationships  Family life  Leisure timer  Stress management

Maternal Mortality  Maternal mortality is an indicator of the socio- economic status and health care in society and reflects the risks to mothers during pregnancy and child birth. It is also influenced by general socio-economic conditions, nutrition and sanitation as well as maternal health. ( Rispel and Behr:1992) Child Mortality: The probability of dying between exact age one and five  Infant Mortality: The probability of dying in the first year of life  Infant Mortality Rate: The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live birth in a given year  Life Expectancy: The average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person’s life. Most commonly cited as life expectancy at birth.

 46/1000 in SA  109/1000in Africa  81/1000Developing countries  8/1000Canada and the US  16/1000Developed countries