How can we improve our memory? What are the types of memory? Why do we forget?

 What are the three memory processes?

 A.What does it do?

Encodes (input)  - processes information into memory  Mental representation a.Automatic b. Effortful

- places information into memory

Takes information out of storage a. Recall Reconstructing a memory ex- b. Recognition - identifying that something is familiar ex.

 Write an example of recall and recognition

 Journal reflections are due on Friday- don’t forget  Journal reflections will not be accepted late! ◦ Printer issues? it to me by 2:30

 What are the three stages of memory?

 1. Sensory register  2. Short term  3. Long term

 1. Shallow  Simple repetition  Not an effective way to encode information 

 Forming associations between new information that is already stored  Information has meaning and is easier to remember

 You used elaborative processing  You used shallow processing

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 Using the information just taught, explain why it is difficult to remember what a penny looks like

 A. Sensory register  1. Information is held for a split second

 A. Prevent the mind from being overwhelmed  B. Provides stability, playback and recognition  C. Give decision time Which allows you to decide if something is important

 A. Selective attention  Concentrating on one sensation without completely blocking out other sensations

basic need, novel something of interest

 - focusing on the significant characteristics of information

 ONE VERTICAL LINE  ONE HORIZONTAL LINE  TWO RIGHT ANGLES  TWO VERTICAL LINES  ONE HORIZONTAL LINE  FOUR RIGHT ANGLES  HOW IS THIS FEATURE EXTRACTION

 a. Iconic - visual memory  information is held for a quarter second.  b. Echoic - auditory memory  information is held for 1-2 seconds

1. Information is held for about twenty seconds

 What is your immediate memory span?

 Most people can remember 7-9 items

Number tested Period 2Period 3Period

7 unrelated items Plus or minus Capacity can be increased by  chunking - putting information into meaningful chunks

 1. What is the first stage of memory  2. Explain Iconic memory  3. What is feature extraction?  4. What is the capacity of short term memory?  5. What is chunking?

TH-EDO-GSA-WTH-ECA-T THE DOG SAW THE CAT

 What is serial position effect?

 - MOST PERMANENT MEMORY STORAGE WITH UNLIMITED CAPACITY AND DURATION

Night Bed quilt dark silence fatigue clock snoring toss turn tired artichoke rest dream Sleep

 - retention depends on the order in which information is presented PRIMACY EFFECT - ENHANCED ABILITY TO REMEMBER FROM THE BEGINNING OF A TASK

RECENCY EFFECT - ENHANCED ABILITY TO REMEMBER ITEMS FROM THE END OF A TASK

SEMANTIC DISTINCTIVENESS  - SOMETHING DIFFERENT THAN THE NORM  B. Spacing - information is remembered if there is time to process in between tasks

You are called in for an interview and can choose your time 9,10,11,12 or 1 What time do you pick? Why What would you do if you had the 11 time?

Read page 246

A. EXPLICIT (DECLARATIVE) -MEMORIES YOU ARE CONSCIOUSLY AWARE OF B. IMPLICIT- (PROCEDURAL) - MEMORIES YOU ARE NOT CONSCIOUSLY AWARE OF

 Semantic-  GENERAL FACTUAL KNOWLEDGE. WORDS, LANGUAGE RULES, DATES

MEMORIES FROM PERSONALLY EXPERIENCED EVENTS - (episodes of your life)

MEMORIES RELATED TO SKILLS AND HABITS  WE ARE UNAWARE OF THESE HABITS AND CANNOT RETREIVE THEM

 1. Swimming is what type of memory  Proceduralsemanticepisodic  2. How long is info held in STM?  3. How long is info held in sensory register  4. Remembering items at the beginning of the list is known as the 5. The artichoke was an example of…?

 A man without short term memory A man without short term memory  What type of memory does he still have?  How do you know?

 write down 2 examples of each type of long term memory ◦ One example per notecard  (do not identify the type but make sure you know what it is)

A. RECALL VS RECOGNITION 1. RECOGNITION  - RETRIEVING INFORMATION FROM MEMORY WHICH INVOLVES DETERMINING WHETHER SOMETHING IS FAMILIAR  Give me an example

 2. RECALL - RETRIEVING INFORMATION FROM MEMORY WHICH REQUIRES RECONSTRUCTING THE MEMORY Give me an example

 - remembering parts of the information and then filling in the rest with what makes sense to you  ( making up memories)

simplifying the material

highlighting or overemphasizing material

changing details to better fit subjects own background or knowledge

 The professor…

 Using the cartoon on the bottom left, identify the type of memory used in first two clips  What term other than the type of memory fits this cartoon?

 1. Identifying if something is familiar  2. Simplifying information when remembering ( taking out details)  3. Changing details to fit your background  4. Highlighting parts of a memory  5. Remembering the homecoming game (memory type)

 1. CONTEXT - YOU RECALL MORE ACCURATELY IN THE SAME SITUATION THE EVENT TOOK PLACE - SIMILAR CONTEXTS TRIGGER DEJA VU

 2. STATE-DEPENDENT MEMORY  - IMPROVED RETRIEVAL WHEN IN THE SAME MENTAL, EMOTIONAL, OR DRUG INDUCED STATE THAT WAS PRESENT WHEN THE MATERIAL WAS LEARNED

 Think about our final exam procedures. Based purely on what you learned about memory, If you were an administrator, where would students take exams and why?  If you are diagnosed with ADD in June and are given medicine to help your ADD what would a memory expert say about you starting medicine right before your finals?

 On the top of the page,  Explain the difference between proactive and retroactive interference

 1. Decay  Forgetting is caused by passage of time

 We forget information because related information causes confusion  (This happens with memory, completing tasks and learning new things)

 Interference occurs with previous learning decreases ability to remember recent material  Ex. A teacher can’t remember your name, they call you your siblings name

Recently learned material interferes with ability to remember or learn old material  Ex. Your teacher can’t remember your older sibling’s name, they can only remember yours *

 Time your neighbor as they say the following words…

 Red  Orange  Yellow  Green  Blue  Purple

 Red  Orange  Yellow  Green  Blue  Purple

 Anything that is too painful for you to remember is stored in the unconscious mind

 Take out both memory packets and  Answer these now…  1. Previous learning interferes with memory is called?  2. Who is Clive Wearing?  3. remembering something at the beginning of a list is called…  4. What is episodic memory?  5. What are the 3 stages of memory?

 What are mnemonic devices? What are mnemonic devices  How can we use them?

 1. Subjective organization A personal way to remember things

 2. Acronyms

 Visualize associations between already memorized places and new things to be memorized

 - associating number word rhymes and items to be memorized

Make it useful!

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