HISTORY CHAPTER 2

Study Plan Trade and Exploration Trade and Exploration Voyaging with Science Voyaging with Science Modern Technology Modern Technology

Early People looked for food Voyaging: traveling on the ocean for a specific purpose Voyaging: traveling on the ocean for a specific purpose Began in Ancient Egypt and Greece (around B.C.) Began in Ancient Egypt and Greece (around B.C.) B.C. – Phoenicians and Greeks traveled to the Atlantic Ocean and around to the Indian Ocean B.C. – Phoenicians and Greeks traveled to the Atlantic Ocean and around to the Indian Ocean Okeanos (or Oceanus) – “river” Okeanos (or Oceanus) – “river”

Cartographers Produce charts of the ocean… began in 800 B.C. Produce charts of the ocean… began in 800 B.C.

Library of Alexandria Founded in the 3 rd century B.C. by Alexander the Great --- center of science and learning for 600 years!!!! Founded in the 3 rd century B.C. by Alexander the Great --- center of science and learning for 600 years!!!!

Eratosthenes of Cyrene B.C. – calculated the circumference of Earth ~ 40,000 km B.C. – calculated the circumference of Earth ~ 40,000 km Invented latitude and longitude Invented latitude and longitude

Claudius Ptolemy A.D – oriented charts North on the top, South on the bottom, East on the right, and West on the left A.D – oriented charts North on the top, South on the bottom, East on the right, and West on the left

Hypatia The last librarian at Alexandria The last librarian at Alexandria A.D : murdered by the early “Christians” – Bishop Cyril accused her of paganism… Cyril was made a saint. A.D : murdered by the early “Christians” – Bishop Cyril accused her of paganism… Cyril was made a saint.

Cartography during the Dark Ages For 1,000 years, human endeavor was dominated by the Arabs For 1,000 years, human endeavor was dominated by the Arabs

Renaissance Christopher Columbus sailed to the “New World” Christopher Columbus sailed to the “New World”

Oceanian Seafarers Colonized Distant Islands Polynesians have colonized over 10,000 islands across 26 million square km (10 million square miles) Polynesians have colonized over 10,000 islands across 26 million square km (10 million square miles) Began about 30,000 years ago Began about 30,000 years ago A.D. 300 – 600 – colonization of Easter Island and perhaps, South America A.D. 300 – 600 – colonization of Easter Island and perhaps, South America

The Chinese Invented the Compass in the 4 th century B.C. Invented the Compass in the 4 th century B.C – Shen Kuo – Earth was old 1086 – Shen Kuo – Earth was old While Europeans were in the Dark Ages, they became seafarers While Europeans were in the Dark Ages, they became seafarers Admiral Zheng He – commanded 317 ships + 27,500 men – made it to the Atlantic Admiral Zheng He – commanded 317 ships + 27,500 men – made it to the Atlantic

Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

Christopher Columbus of Genoa under Spain Skilled mariner and salesman Skilled mariner and salesman

Ferdinand Magellan of Portugal under Spain His fleet became the first to circumnavigate the Earth His fleet became the first to circumnavigate the Earth

Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy Scientific cartography began Scientific cartography began HMS Endeavor HMS Endeavor

Where are we? Longitude and the Stars Longitude and the Stars

The United States Exploring Expedition 1838 – USS Vincennes – LT Charles Wilkes, United States Navy 1838 – USS Vincennes – LT Charles Wilkes, United States Navy Mission: to disprove the “hollow Earth theory” Mission: to disprove the “hollow Earth theory”

LT Matthew Maury, United States Navy Father of Oceanography Father of Oceanography Discovered global ocean and wind currents Discovered global ocean and wind currents

Modern Technology

Polar Exploration Fridtjof Nansen of Norway proved that there was no Arctic continent between Fridtjof Nansen of Norway proved that there was no Arctic continent between Nansen’s student, Roald Amundsen, later ventured to Antarctica Nansen’s student, Roald Amundsen, later ventured to Antarctica

Echo Sounder Invented in Germany in 1925 Invented in Germany in 1925 Traversed the south Atlantic for 2 years Traversed the south Atlantic for 2 years

Research Institutions National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Est. 1958, in response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik Est. 1958, in response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik

United States Navy, METOC/OCEANO 1800/1805

Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UCSD

Satellites 1992: TOPEX/Poseidon: determines the height of the sea surface 1992: TOPEX/Poseidon: determines the height of the sea surface 1997: SEASTAR: measures the amount of chlorophyll in the ocean (productivity) 1997: SEASTAR: measures the amount of chlorophyll in the ocean (productivity) 2001: Jason-1: measures the interactions between climate and the ocean 2001: Jason-1: measures the interactions between climate and the ocean 2002: AQUA: determines the water cycle 2002: AQUA: determines the water cycle

Global Positioning System (GPS) Launched in 1993 Launched in 1993 “constellation” of 24 satellites “constellation” of 24 satellites Equipped with Computer + atomic clock + radio transmitter Equipped with Computer + atomic clock + radio transmitter Communicate in the microwave Communicate in the microwave