1. Ocean Introduction

2. Science of voyages  Applied marine Science began in Alexandria—third century B.C.  Eratosthenes—second librarian was first to calculate the circumference of the world.  Invented celestial navigation  Cartography flourished

3.  The dark ages was a time of no real scientific development  The Chinese and Arabs made the first compass for navigation

4.  The Polynesians were famous for their seagoing voyages but resource depletion became their downfall.  They were some of the most skilled navigators fig 1.1

5. Vikings  The Dark Ages were spotted with raids by Vikings in Europe.  Europeans finally banded together to stop them and this may have brought about the renaissance

6. Chinese  Admiral Zheng had the largest fleet of ships ever assembled in 1405  Explored the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and tip of Africa and Antarctica  The primary purpose was to show the wealth of the new dynasty of the time.

7.  They gave away things they did not pillage like the Vikings and the Spanish.  They wanted to show they were the only truly civilized people on earth.  Invented central rudder, watertight compartments, multiple masts and sophisticated sails.

8.  The chinese abndiopnded ocean exploration in 1433. The cost was to high.

9. The age of Discovery  Prince Henry the Navigator 1451- 1470 strong supporter of sea voyages (gave them compasses)  Christopher Columbus  Ferdinand Magellan  James Cook  John Harrison  Sir John Ross

10.  Lt. Charles Wilkes  Matthew Maury  Charles Darwin  Alfred Thayer Mahan  Fridtjof Nansen  Robert E. Peary  Captain William Anderson

11.  SCICEX  Meteor Expedition  Tpoex/Poseiden  JAMSTEC  Jason 1  SEASTAR  Aqua  GPS

12.  II. Word oceans - Covers 70.8% of the surface of the Earth to a mean depth of 4km  A. Major ocean basins (fig 2.1)  1. Pacific - almost as large as all others combined, but shrinking  2. Atlantic - growing  3. Indian - strongest winds, largest waves  4. Arctic - ice covered year round  5. Southern ocean - sum of all other ocean basins surrounding Antarctica - not really an ocean (fig. 1.2)  6. Seas/gulfs

13.  B. Oceanic climactic regions (figs)  - regional winds and precipitation (global climate) due to intertropical convergence and Hadley cells, which I will not cover in detail in this course, but you should be familiar with the regional winds and precipitation levels/salinity)

14.  1. Equatorial - 0° to 10° N/S of equator  a. Doldrums  b. Low salinity waters due to high precipitation

15.  2. Tropical - 10° N/S to 23°N/S  a. Tradewinds - NE in north, SE in south  b. Hurricanes/Typhoons (Atlantic/Pacific) severe seasonal cyclonic storms that transfer lots of heat and precipitation into the subtropical regions  c. Monsoons - seasonal wind shifts and heavy rains in Indian Ocean  (not cyclonic, active for a whole season)

16.  3. Subtropical - 23° N/S of equator to approx 40° N/S  a. Dry, high pressure, little winds  b. High salinity waters

17.  4. Temperate - 40° N/S - 60° N/S  a. Westerly winds(SW in N and NW in S)

18.  5. Subpolar - 60° N/S -80° N/S  a. Winter - ice, summer - open water  b. Surface temps rarely above 5°C  c. High salinity - due to freezing - salt leaves water as it freezes, being forced in to the surrounding water making it more saline.

19.  6. Polar >80° N/S  a. Ice covered  b. Lightless polar winters  - due to 23° axial tilt of Earth (also reason for seasons)  - show sun clock images  i. Arctic - no sunlight Dec - Feb  ii. Antarctic - no sunlight Jun - Aug

20.  C. Seasonality of oceanic temperatures - figs  - ocean temperatures vary seasonally, as do air temperatures, due to the axial tilt of the earth  - you can see the shift in warm temps from sorth of the equator during June to south of it in December

21.  C. Seasonality of oceanic temperatures- ocean temperatures vary seasonally, as do air temperatures, due to the axial tilt of the earth  - you can see the shift in warm temps from south of the equator during June to south of it in December  (fig - surface temp images from internet)  a. Warm water from equator N and S (Gulf stream) - effects climate of Northern Europe  b. Cold water return - deep currents/upwelling - effects climate of shorelines,  e.g. California (dry) and West. S.A.