1. Introduction Course overview History of Oceanography
Origin of earth, ocean, atmosphere

2. Interdisciplinary Biology Chemistry Physics Geology Geography
Political Science
Mathematics
Computer Science

3. History of Oceanography
Early
Age of Discovery
Science and the Oceans
Modern Oceanography
Different motivations at different times

4. Early history Reasons: trade, fishing, defense
Self centered view of Earth
Examples
Dates included for discussion purposes
Some examples from book, others added

5. Early history (2) Around edges of Mediterranean Sea
Phoenicians (approx BC)
Greeks (approx. 500 BC)
Pytheus – latitude, tides
Erasthosthenes (working in Egypt) – circumference of earth

6. Early history (3) Romans – Ptolemy as example
Approx. 150 AD
Ocean more vast than thought
Used both latitude and longitude
Middle Ages: very little exploration except
Vikings (approx AD)
Arabs
Polynesians ( AD most important)

7. Age of Discovery (1)
Travel for economic, political and religious reasons
Portugal:
Prince Henry
Vasco Da Gama (1498)

8. Age of Discovery (2) Spain Columbus (1492) Balboa (1513)
Magellan (1522)

9. Age of Discovery (3) Discovery with some science
James Cook ( )
Endeavour, Resolution, Adventure
Ben Franklin (1769)
Matthew F. Maury (early 1800s)
Charles Darwin (early 1800s)

10. Purely scientific Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)
Extremely significant

11. More for science
Voyages of Nansen aboard Fram (end of 1800s)

12. Modern Oceanography (20th century)
International
Interdisciplinary
Scientific
Complex instruments
“Modern” technology

13. History of the Earth Approx. 4.5 billion years old
Nebular hypothesis……all of our solar system was “formed” from the same cloud of dust
Gravitational forces

14. Earth (cont.) Separation of earth’s material by density
Layered Earth….most dense in core, less dense mantle, less dense crust…..density stratification
Ocean and atmosphere formed as a result of out-gassing from Earth’s interior

15. Comparison of ocean basins
Atlantic
Pacific
Indian
Arctic
Southern Ocean
Much left to students