Sport Books Publisher1 Human Anatomy Chapter 2

Sport Books Publisher2 Muscles of the Human Body

Sport Books Publisher3 over 600 in the human body allow the skeleton to move to cause movement, both ends of each muscle must be attached to bone –origin or proximal attachment - the attachment closer to the centre of the body –insertion or distal attachment - the attachment away from the centre of the body

Sport Books Publisher4 Facial Muscles

Sport Books Publisher5 Various functions of the facial muscles: –enable you to change expression and display your emotions outwardly –allow you to close your eyes and blink –essential for opening and closing the mouth for: – keeping food in the mouth – allowing you to chew – allowing you to form words Tongue –function: allows you move food around in your mouth and get it to a position to be swallowed allows you to pronounce words and speak intelligibly

Sport Books Publisher6 Neck Muscles

Sport Books Publisher7 There are muscles posterior, lateral and anterior to the neck or cervical region These muscles: –Maintain the position in which the head sits on the 1st cervical vertebra (atlas) i.e. they hold up our head –Also permit a wide range of movement Neck Muscles

Sport Books Publisher8 Sternocleidomastoids The most important anterior pair of muscles Movements: –Acting together, they flex the head toward the chest –Individually, each muscle tilts the face up and toward the opposite side

Sport Books Publisher9 Erector spinae muscles Important posterior neck muscles Attach to sacrum inferiorly, and to the skull superiorly maintain your erect position –Therefore, they are also called anti-gravity muscles –When someone faints, these muscle no longer function and the body falls face forward to the ground

Sport Books Publisher10 Trapezius, upper fibres Important lateral neck muscles Movements: –Acting alone, tilt the head to the same side –Together, they assist in neck extension

Sport Books Publisher11 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle

Sport Books Publisher12 Muscles acting to hold the pectoral girdle to the chest wall: Anterior –Pectoralis Major –Pectoralis Minor –Subclavius –Serratus Anterior Posterior –Trapezius –Latissimus Dorsi –Levator Scapulae –Rhomboids Major –Rhomboids Minor

Sport Books Publisher13 Pectoral Girdle - Anterior Pectoralis Minor Serratus Anterior Pectoralis Major

Sport Books Publisher14 Pectoral Girdle - Posterior Rhomboids Latissimus Dorsi Trapezius (middle fibres) Trapezius (lower fibres) Trapezius (upper fibres)

Sport Books Publisher15 Muscles which attach from the scapula to the humerus, and act across the shoulder joint: Anterior –Subscapularis Posterior –Supraspinatus –Infraspinatus –Teres Minor –Teres Major Lateral –Deltoid

Sport Books Publisher16 Subscapularis Anterior Lateral Deltoid (anterior fibres) Deltoid (middle fibres) Deltoid (posterior fibres)

Sport Books Publisher17 Superior and Posterior Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Teres Major

Sport Books Publisher18 Muscles of the Arm

Sport Books Publisher19 Anterior Compartment Biceps Brachii –Attaches proximally to distal part of humerus (short head) distally to proximal part of ulna (together with long head) –movements of the arm: flexor of the elbow joint supinator of the forearm Biceps Brachii

Sport Books Publisher20 Anterior Compartment Cont’d Brachialis –Attaches proximally to the anterior surface of the humerus distally to the coronoid process of the ulna –movements of the arm powerful flexor of the elbow joint it works along with the biceps brachii. Brachialis

Sport Books Publisher21 Posterior Compartment Triceps Brachii –Attaches Proximaslly to humerus (medial and lateral head) Distally to the olecranon process of the ulna(together with long head) –Movement of the arm: elbow extensor Triceps

Sport Books Publisher22 Muscles of the Forearm

Sport Books Publisher23 forearm muscles act on the elbow, wrist and digits (fingers) flexor-pronator group –attached to the medial epicondyle of the humerus extensor-supinator –attached to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus

Sport Books Publisher24 Anterior View Posterior View Flexors of the forearm Extensors of the forearm

Sport Books Publisher25 Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle

Sport Books Publisher26 Anterior Muscles Iliopsoas

Sport Books Publisher27 Posterior and Lateral Muscles gluteals –include 3 muscles: gluteus maximus –the largest of the three muscles –principal extensor of the hip Gluteus medius and minimus –assist it in hip extension –abduct the hip lateral or external rotators of the hip –six little muscles Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus

Sport Books Publisher28 Thigh Muscles

Sport Books Publisher29 Pectineus Adductor Brevis Adductor Longus Adductor Magnus Gracilis M edial Compartment Pectineus gracilis Adductors: –adductor longus –adductor brevis –adductor magnus primary action - adduct the thigh towards the midline

Sport Books Publisher30 Anterior Compartment Sartorius Quadriceps –rectus femoris –vastus lateralis –vastus intermedius –vastus medialis. Extend at the knee Sartorius and Rectus femoris also flex at the hip Vastus Lateralis Vastus Intermedius Vastus Medialis Rectus Femoris Sartorius

Sport Books Publisher31 Posterior Compartment Hamstrings –biceps femoris –semitendinosus –semimembranosus attach –proximally to the ischial tuberosity –distally, biceps femoris to the head of the fibula and the semitendinosus and semimembranosus to the tibia. flex the knee also extend at the hip Short Head of Biceps Femoris Long Head of Biceps Femoris Semitendinosis Semimembranosis

Sport Books Publisher32 Leg Muscles

Sport Books Publisher33 Anterior Compartment tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus (deep) extensor digitorum (deep) arise from –anterolateral surface of the tibia –interosseous membrane between the tibia and the fibula –anterior surface of the fibula cross anterior to the ankle joint attach distally to –medial side of the foot –distal phalanges of the digits movements: –primarily dorsi-flexors of the ankle –extensors of the toes –Tibialis anterior further inverts the foot –Peroneus tertius assist in eversion Tibialis Anterior

Sport Books Publisher34 Lateral Compartment peroneus longus peroneus brevis proximaly attach to the lateral surface of the tibia pass behind the lateral malleolus distally attach to the foot movement –plantar flexors –everters of the sole of the foot Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis

Sport Books Publisher35 Posterior Compartment Superficial group –Gastrocnemius has two proximal heads proximally attaches to the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal femur –Soleus proximally attaches to head proximal ends of tibia and fibula –gastroc and soleus come together to form an Achilles tendon –principal plantar flexors of the ankle Gastrocnemius Soleus Achilles Tendon

Sport Books Publisher36 Posterior Compartment Deep group –primary role is flexion of the toes –assist in plantar flexion of the ankle

Sport Books Publisher37 Muscles of the Abdomen

Sport Books Publisher38 Obliques external oblique internal oblique transversus abdominus reach from the vertebral column, ribs, and hip bone posteriorly meet in the midline anteriorly through rectus abdominus functions: –lateral bending of the abdomen –rotation of the abdomen –extension of the abdomen during forced inspiration –allow the development of a pregnant uterus –contract to help expel fecal contents from the rectum External oblique Transversus abdominus Internal oblique

Sport Books Publisher39 Rectus Abdominus Paired midline muscles Powerful flexor of the anterior abdominal wall Strengthening of the abdominal muscles is a very important part of back therapy, because the abdominals act to support the back. Rectus Abdominis Rectus Sheath Linea alba