ALADAR STOLMAR GENERAL HYDROGEN OF TENNESSEE 2007 HYDROGEN CONFERENCE SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS MARCH 19-23,2007 Off-Board Refueling System

AND ITS IMPACT ON HYDROGEN ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY With Distributed Generation

DEFINITION HYDROGEN ECONOMY IS THE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION AND ELECTRIC CAR – WITH HYDROGEN AS THE STORAGE MEDIUM OF ELECTRICITY ON BOARD, REPLENISHED OFF-BOARD FOR AN INHERENTLY SAFE OPERATION Hydrogen economy The only way it really will come

The Road to Hydrogen Economy 1.Standard electric car/truck/bus chasses with standard power plant package mounting (multiple packages for larger horsepower) 2.Nuclear power plant building program with hundreds of units per year put in operation starting 2020 (considering a global Hydrogen economy) 3.Development of ultimately safe in any accident Hydrogen fueled power plant standard packages and their handling and the off board refueling facilities with a system of refueling (drop-off – pick-up) stations 4.Electric car inventory build-up with three times as many power plant package inventory (could utilize electric battery before “the best” fuel cell is found to facilitate the jump start of Hydrogen economy) 5.Electrical grid development for the off board refueling – using distributed generation with renewable energy sources as practical 6.Fuel station and off board refueling facility network build-up and power plant package transport fleet build-up (the refueling-recharging facility could combine Hydrogen refueling and simple electrical recharging) 7.The time-line could start now – if the will is here

This is what we don’t want to see with Hydrogen fuel And the off-board refueling is the answer

Business as Usual? Acceptable Risk during refueling? Fuel stations fires: Flames shot up around a 21-year-old college student whose cell phone rang while he was pumping gas. The classic drive-away while the hose still in the tank Hydrogen spills and leaks? Soccer-mom with half of the team in an SUV

Conventional Refueling Open the fuel tank on the vehicle Connect a fill hose Open the flow of fuel from a reservoir into the fuel tank Shut-off the flow of fuel Disconnect the hose Close the fuel tank

Hydrogen Refueling High pressure gas or cryogenic liquid Really that easy? What happens if we spill the Hydrogen? Do we really want to fuel like that? How severe accident can we tolerate?

Hydrogen tube trailer and ASME pressure vessels at SunLine Transit Fueling station in Thousand Palms, California. High pressure gaseous Hydrogen

The CaFCP hydrogen fueling station Receives and stores liquid hydrogen and dispenses compressed and liquid hydrogen

The Linde liquid hydrogen refueling coupling Attendants – or the drivers will operate that?

Off-board Refueling Station The fuel tank will not be opened No hose will be connected to the vehicle There will be no fuel flow from a reservoir into the car Instead: the entire power plant package will be removed from the car and replaced with a new, recharged one The entire operation completes in a few seconds and performed by machines The fuel tank will not be opened No hose will be connected to the vehicle There will be no fuel flow from a reservoir into the car Instead: the entire power plant package will be removed from the car and replaced with a new, recharged one The entire operation completes in a few seconds and performed by machines

Off-board Refueling Facility A separate recharging/refurbishing facility is provided, manned by HAZMAT specialists Here the waste product is removed from the depleted power plant package The fuel cell and the solid hydrogen storage are tested and refurbished The Hydrogen storage is recharged A separate recharging/refurbishing facility is provided, manned by HAZMAT specialists Here the waste product is removed from the depleted power plant package The fuel cell and the solid hydrogen storage are tested and refurbished The Hydrogen storage is recharged

Refueling with Distributed Generation The refueling/refurbishing facilities are supplied with Hydrogen either from a by- product source or by means of distributed generation using electricity Renewable energy such as solar or wind can be used as primary source The existing power plants currently only partially utilized night time production provides a cheep secondary source The refueling/refurbishing facilities are supplied with Hydrogen either from a by- product source or by means of distributed generation using electricity Renewable energy such as solar or wind can be used as primary source The existing power plants currently only partially utilized night time production provides a cheep secondary source

Vladimir Prerad’s Distributed Generation model Yes, it is that simple Solar panel provides the electricity to an electrolysis cell and the collected Hydrogen and Oxygen recombines in a fuel cell to generate electricity, which drives the fan

Who does What? Auto makers – standard for hand-shake and power-plant package mounting, electric car chassis Fuel cell manufacturers – safe power-plant package casing and sufficient distance between refueling (300 miles) Fuel distributors – drop-off/pick-up refueling stations and about three times the number of vehicles power-plant package inventory Industrial gas companies – recharging facility design and delivery truck fleet for collection and distribution of power-plant packages Government – coordination and funding support

Strategy with Off-board refueling Standard is the first priority – diversity of designs not tolerated, uniform electrical and fuel cell vehicles expected with “the best” fuel storage/fuel cell design Ultimate safety is targeted – the design must undergo extensive destructive testing for all possible severe accident conditions Exchange instead of fuel dispensing and new specialized recharging facilities