Regents Biology Classification - TAXONOMY  System to organize all living creatures  plants  animals  microbes  etc. A good system will show evolutionary relationships

Regents Biology Carolus Linnaeus  The Linnean system  proposed in 1700s  binomial nomenclature - each species has a 2 part name  Genus (genera)  species – group of similar organisms that can interbreed AND produce fertile offspring Ex: female horse and male donkey = mule mules CANNOT breed => sterile Therefore horses and donkeys are different species Homo sapiens Can also be written H. sapiens

Regents Biology Latin - binomial nomenclature  2 part scientific name  Genus — larger group to which organism belongs  always capitalized  species — specific name for that organism  always lowercase  example: Linnaeus named humans Homo sapiens  means “wise man” — perhaps in a show of hope & optimism Written either italicized OR underlined

Regents Biology Why not use common names?  Misleading  Starfish – a fish???  Dragonfly – a lizard???  Confusing  blue jay, blue coat, corn thief – all the same thing???  dog, perro, chien I swim, but I’m still a bird!

Regents Biology Why not use common names?  But they all have only one scientific name! Cyanocitta cristata Pyrrhosoma nymphula Pisaster ochraceus

Regents Biology What kind of names do viruses have?  Example – H1N1  Is that a scientific name?  NO Genus – NO species  WHY????  Viruses are NOT _________!

Regents Biology What variety! What similarity!  Diversity of Life  there are so many different creatures on Earth  why are there differences (adaptations)?  Unity of life  all creatures have similarities  common characteristics  why are they so alike?

Regents Biology  organize creatures by structure & function/behavior  how they are built  how they live  organize them into groups of closely related (evolutionary) creatures Tree of Life Plants Animals Protists Fungi Bacteria Archaebacteria

Regents Biology How did we get here? Began with 3 groups – where organisms live air, land, water – doesn’t work!!! Next – 2 groups – plants and animals Plants – usually green; don’t move Animals – not usually green; move Invention of microscope – saw cell structures Invention of electron microscope – saw within cell structures had to come up with a new system – is still changing

Regents Biology Bacteria & Archaebacteria Classification System 3 Domains - 6 Kingdoms Prokaryote Eukaryote

Regents Biology 3 Domain/6 Kingdom system 1. Archaebacteria – ALL Prokaryotes  Kingdom Archae  Unicellular, cell wall  Auto AND hetertrophic  Live in harsh conditions – example high temp, high salt, low oxygen, extreme pH  Oldest life forms in the fossil record 2. Eubacteria - ALL Prokaryotes  Kingdom Bacteria  Unicellular, cell wall  Auto AND heterotrophic  Some harmful – cause disease – ex. Strep throat, E. coli  Some helpful/beneficial – make vitamin K (in large int), yogurt Prokaryote

Regents Biology 3 Domain - 6 Kingdom system 3. Eukaryota - separate organelles in their cells  Protists  Mostly unicellular; No cell wall  Auto AND heterotrophic  Are mobile (can move from place to place)  Ex: ameba, paramecium, algae, euglena  Fungi  Mostly multicellular; cell wall (chitin)  Heterotrophic – decomposers  Sessile – remain in on place  Ex: yeast, mushrooms, mold Eukaryote

Regents Biology 3 Domain - 6 Kingdom system 3. Eukaryota - separate organelles in their cells  Plants  Multicellular; cell wall (cellulose)  Autotrophic - Photosynthesis  Sessile; has complex levels of organization  Ex: moss, ferns, flowers, trees  Animals  Multicellular; has complex levels of organization  Heterotrophic  Mobile at some stage in life cycle  Very diverse group – ex: sponges, insects, worms, birds, fish, humans Eukaryote

Regents Biology Classification  Domain  Kingdom  Phylum  Class  Order  Family  Genus  species Number of organisms in each taxon decreases TRAITS go from general to specific Taxon(taxa) = group