The Age of Containment, © 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved. THE COLD WAR

Nuremberg trials bring Nazi’s to justice

Creating a National Security State, Alliance between Soviet Union and the United States was not based on collaboration, but on cooperative defeat of Axis powers –America sent troops to help anti-communist during RR –Did not recognize Soviet government until 1933 Relations between the two countries descended into suspicion and growing tensions (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

DISCUSS FUTURE OF GERMANY, POLAND AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED NATIONS SPLIT GERMANY INTO FOUR ZONES OF OCCUPATION NO REPARATIONS POLAND FIRST STICKING POINT, ROUTE OF INVASION IN PAST, STALIN WANTS SYMPATHETIC GOVERNMENT (COMMUNIST) ALL AGREE ON UN - 50 NATION IN SF APRIL 1945 GENERAL ASSEMBLY 11 MEMBER SECURITY COUNCIL, 5 PERMANENT– USSR,US,CHINA,FRANCE,BRITS

United Nations created 1945 in San Fransico 51 Nations join

Onset of the Cold War Interpretations of Cold War’s origins –Traditional: Soviet expansion and desire to spread Communism –Revisionists: U.S. threatened Soviets into the Cold War –Rival interests made Cold War inevitable Harry S. Truman Joseph Stalin Potsdam Conference (1945) 1 ST MEETING OF Truman and Stalin Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe “National security” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

CONFLICT IN EUROPE FORMER ALLIES WITH CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES, AND MUTUAL DISTRUST DIVIDE AND LEAD TO THE CONFLICT KNOWN AS THE COLD WAR –STALIN WANTS TO SPREAD COMMUNISM AND CREATE A BUFFER BETWEEN GERMANY AND THEMSELVES –ESTABLISHED PRO SOVIET GOVERNMENTS THROUGHOUT EASTERN EUROPE

AMERICAN GOALS – ECONOMICALLY AND POLITICALLY OPEN WORLD –PROVIDES MARKETS FOR PRODUCTS SOVIET GOALS- REBUILD TO PROTECT ITS OWN INTERESTS ESTABLISH SATELLITE NATIONS COUNTRIES SUBJECT TO SOVIET DOMINATION AND FRIENDLY TO SOVIET GOALS “COLLECTIVE SECURITY”

BATTLE LINES ARE DRAWN STALIN QUOTE WHOEVER OCCUPIES A TERRITORY ALSO IMPOSES HIS OWN SOCIAL SYSTEM. EVERYONE IMPOSES HIS OWN SYSTEM AS FAR AS HIS ARMIES CAN REACH. IT CANNOT BE OTHERWISE. TRUMAN QUOTE I BELIEVE THAT IT MUST BE THE POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES TO SUPPORT FREE PEOPLE WHO ARE RESISTING ATTEMPTED SUBJUGATION BY ARMED MINORITIES OR BY OUTSIDES PRESSURES…. THE FREE PEOPLES OF THE WORLD LOOK TO US FOR SUPPORT IN MAINTAINING THEIR FREEDOM.

THE SUN SETS ON EASTERN FREEDOM POLAND BECOMES COMMUNIST ELIMINATES ALL OPPOSITION ALBANIA (1945) AND BULGARIA(1948) FORCED INTO COMMUNISM CZECHOSLOVAKIA, HUNGARY, ROMANIA ARE NEXT EAST GERMANY FOLLOWS FINLAND AND YUGOSLAVIA GAIN A MEASURE OF FREEDOM FROM THE SOVIET UNION BUT, ARE STILL COMMUNIST

THE IRON CURTAIN

Iron Curtain Speech 1946 Fulton Missouri Statement clearly describing existing situation “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Iron Curtain has descended across the continent." x5VUvjWQ

US PLANS TO CONTAIN COMMUNISM TRUMAN DOCTRINE MARSHALL PLAN Policy of Containment GEORGE KENNAN Domino theory

SENT AID AND ADVISORS TO GREECE AND TURKEY TO HELP THEM STAVE OFF COMMUNISM UNITED STATES MUST CONTAIN COMMUNIST MOVEMENT

CONTAINMENT TO STOP THE DOMINO’S CONTAINMENT THE IDEA OF LIMITING COMMUNISM TO THE PLACES IT ALREADY EXISTS –DEVELOPED BY AMERICAN GEORGE KENNAN –BELIEVED THAT COMMUNISM WOULD EVENTUALLY DESTROY ITSELF. –Domino Theory believe that if left uncheck that communism would spread quickly containment was a part of the policy to prevent this.

MARSHALL PLAN –OFFER OF AID BY THE AMERICANS TO THE DEMOCRATIC COUNTRIES OF EUROPE –U.S. FUNNELED FOOD AND ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE TO COUNTRIES TO HELP THEM REBUILD –HELPED EUROPE TO RECOVER RAPIDLY THUS LIMITING THE INFLUENCE OF COMMUNISM –TRUMAN OFFERS AID TO THE SOVIETS AND THE EASTERN BLOC SOVIETS REFUSE AND FORBID OTHERS FROM TAKING THE AID

RUSSIA GETS THE BOMB WITH THE HELP OF BRITISH AND AMERICAN SPIES

Containment Abroad: The Truman Doctrine Truman Doctrine (1947) “Containment" –George F. Kennan Aid to ambassador to USSR Anti-communist –“X” article in Foreign Affairs USSR only understand force and Aggressive diplomacy (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Truman’s Loyalty Program Executive Order –Containment on the home front –loyalty boards-people lose jobs "Venona files“ showed soviets aided communist party in America (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The National Security Act, The Marshall Plan, and the Berlin Crisis National Security Act (1947) –Department of Defense –Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Marshall Plan –George C. Marshall Berlin Blockade and Airlift ( ) “Two Germanys” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Election of 1948 Progressive Party –Henry A. Wallace State's Rights Party ("Dixiecrats") –Strom Thurmond 80 th Congress Thomas E. Dewey Democratic victory and formula for success –New Deal Coalition –Truman looked strong on National Security (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Korean War Era, Cold war crises erupted and led to warfare in Korea (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

NATO, China, and the Bomb North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) –Robert Taft’s opposition China –Jiang Jieshi –Mao Zedong –Formosa (Taiwan) Soviet atomic bomb “Hydrogen bomb” (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

NSC-68 National Security Council document 68 (NSC- 68) –Paul Nitze –A blueprint for both the rhetoric and strategy of future cold war foreign policy –Global ideological clash between U.S. “ freedom ” and Soviet “ slavery ” –Contain Soviet expansion more aggressively, no negotiations –Massive military buildup (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Korean War North Korea vs. South Korea United Nations involvement Douglas MacArthur Inchon Beyond the 38 th parallel Chinese intervention MacArthur fired (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Korea and Containment American Cold War alliances in Asia –Japanese-American Security Pact –U.S. bases in the Middle East –ANZUS –Aid to French in retaking Indo-China “Campaign of Truth” Atomic Energy Commission RAND “The militarization of American life” U.S. opposes left-wing movements globally (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Anticommunism and the Labor Movement Increased labor militancy after WWII Labor-Management Relations Act (1947) –Taft-Hartley Act CIO expulsion of Communist tainted unions (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

HUAC and the Loyalty Program House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) –"Hollywood ten“ –“Naming names” Richard Nixon –Whittaker Chambers ex-commie –Alger Hiss Spy???? FBI investigations of artists and intellectuals –W. E. B. Du Bois –Ernest Hemingway McCarran-Walter Act (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

HUAC and the Loyalty Program

“The Great Fear” Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Dennis v. US (1951) appeal of the convictions of Communist party leaders McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) –Subversive Activities Control Board (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

McCarthyism Joseph McCarthy Republican Sen. from Wisconsin –Accuses people of being communist without proof. –People in and out of politics George Marshall and Dean Acheson Sec. Of States –Mostly exaggerated estimates of the “Red Menace” –Very powerful even without evidence –"McCarthyism” Millard Tydings loses Senate because of McCarthy Bullies opponents, welcomes sympathetic experts (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

Truman’s Fair Deal Fair Deal: Truman’s expansion of the New Deal Serviceman's Readjustment Act (1944) –GI Bill of Rights Social Security Act of 1950 National Health Insurance –American Medical Association –Hill-Burton Act Housing Act (1949) Reality of Fair deal was to target specific groups (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

A Changing Culture Postwar years were time of dramatic change Americans created change with progress Simultaneously, change was unsettling (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved Jackie Robinson and the Baseball “Color Line” Jackie Robinson (1947) Brooklyn Dodgers National League Rookie of the Year (1947)

Suburban Development Levittown, New York Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Mortgage interest tax deduction “Baby boom” “White flight” Loans to women could not receive guarantees (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

The Baby Boom (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved

From Truman to Eisenhower Truman declines to run Democrats on the defensive (c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved The Election of 1952 Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson Republican ticket: Dwight D. Eisenhower and Richard Nixon Criticized over Korean War “Korea, corruption, and communism” Nixon’s Checker’s speech

COLD WAR

The War Begins The USSR is ignored and put down time and again by the U.S. Tensions become greater as the Soviets get a hold of atomic secrets. The Soviets build their own atomic bombs and the cold war begins as the U.S. retaliates by building more weapons.

A New Type of War German scientist, Von Braun, goes to work with Robert Goddard for the U.S. and works to build new and better rockets. Soviet Father of rocketry, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, goes to work for USSR and starts building better rockets. All have the same goal of someday reaching the moon.

“Gentlemen, start your engines…” Both countries do hundreds of experiments with small rockets. However, on October 4th, 1957, the Soviets successfully launch the Sputnik into space. The American people panic.

The Sputnik The news of the Sputnik put the American people into a mass panic. If the American people weren’t scared enough, a short while later, the Soviets send a dog named, Strelka, into space, making the dog the first living creature in space, also a Soviet. On April 12th, 1961 the Soviets put the first man in space. Yuri Gagarin is on board the Vostok for one hour and forty eight minutes.

Go Communism!! The whole world hears about the Soviet’s victory. The press asks Prime Minister Khrushchev, who was behind the success, he tells them it was “the soviet people”. To the rest of the world, Communism is looking pretty good!

A New Hope The U.S. space program is practically a joke. It’s merely a short history of launch pad explosions and unsuccessful rockets. On May 25th, 1961, the newly inaugurated President Kennedy stands before a joint session of congress and proclaims: “I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to earth…I believe we should go to the moon.”

FINALLY!! On May 5th, 1961, Alan Sheppard becomes the first American in space. The U.S. finally gains some ground against the Soviets. However, the Soviets find success with their Luna missions.

U.S. Picks Up Speed. In February of 1962, John Glenn is the first American to orbit the earth. U.S. and Soviets are on equal ground and the manned space race begins.

U-2 SHOOT DOWN GARY POWERS PLANE BEFORE AND AFTER

U-2 Shot Down By Reds On May 1, 1960, Francis Gary Powers, A USAF pilot was shot down by a Soviet SAM, the SA-2 missile.

Shot down 1200 mi. into Soviet airspace His Planned flight

News Hits Home Most News of downed aircraft were said to be weather observation or had doubt as to the reason of it being there but in this case the soviets recovered almost all of the aircraft including the camera equipment. Also, because he was tried as a spy it was no secret. The US believed that the U-2 was too fragile to sustain a missile hit and that no one could survive in that aircraft a missile hit.

The Trial The Trial took place in Moscow from August of He was sentenced to 10 years of solitary confinement in Matrosskaya Tishina Prison

THE WALL GOES UP 1961 In an attempt to end the mass exodus from East Germany IT COMES DOWN 1989

CASTRO TAKES OVER CUBA Castro led revolutionaries overthrow Cuban leader Baptista America supports Castro until we find Communist infiltration Castro seizes American Property we cut exports and ties to Cuba. Castro turns to the Soviet Union

BAY OF PIGS FAILURE CIA trains Cubans opposed to Castro After training Cubans would invade and over throw Castro with America’s help Plan failed and only angered and frightened Cuba into closer relations with the Soviet Union.

The Beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis The closest the world has ever come to nuclear war was the CMC. It occurred in October of The American president during the Crisis was Kennedy. The leader in power for Cuba was Fidel Castro. The missiles were first discovered when Richard Heyser, a U-2 pilot, flew over Cuba.

THE BASE IN QUESTION

Missiles in depth!!!

October 22nd, 1962 On this date, president Kennedy announced to the people of the U.S that there had been a discovery of nuclear was missiles 90 miles off the coast of Florida and in final decision had the island under quarantine.

Tension builds in Cuba! Now that it has been announced to the public, tension has now gone into effect on both sides. First, Kennedy ordered low-level reconnaissance missions every two hours. Then, on Oct.25th, the quarantine had been lifted and on the next day Khrushchev wrote an impassioned letter that proposed they would remove Soviet missiles and personnel, if the U.S promised not to invade Cuba.

POSSIBLE RESULTS

CHANGING OF THE GUARD