Napoleon

Napoleon Napoleon Bonaparte Born 1769 in Corsica Corsica – small island in the Mediterranean Corsica – small island in the Mediterranean Used to be part of Genoa (Italy) Napoleon’s family were Italian nobles

Napoleon Attended French military school Supported the French Revolution Became French Army General

Napoleon Wanted to unite all of Europe under French control. He began by invading Italy in By 1811, Napoleon had conquered most of Europe.

Napoleon Coup d’etat – sudden takeover of political power, usually through force. Napoleon dissolved the French government and began ruling as a dictator. Napoleon dissolved the French government and began ruling as a dictator.

Napoleon Napoleonic Code – comprehensive system of civil laws. Laws were clearly defined. Laws were clearly defined. Applied equally to everyone. Applied equally to everyone.

Napoleon Napoleon eventually crowned himself Emperor of France. Was also King of Italy for 10yrs.

Napoleon’s Three Major Mistakes

Napoleon Blockade – forcible closing of ports Napoleon tried to prevent the British from trading with the rest of Europe by setting up a naval blockade. Napoleon tried to prevent the British from trading with the rest of Europe by setting up a naval blockade. The British navy was too strong for Napoleon and the blockade failed. The British navy was too strong for Napoleon and the blockade failed.

Napoleon Peninsular War Napoleon sent an army through Spain to invade Portugal. Napoleon sent an army through Spain to invade Portugal. Portugal fought back, along with Spanish guerrillas, and weakened Napoleon’s army. Portugal fought back, along with Spanish guerrillas, and weakened Napoleon’s army. Napoleon could never completely conquer the Iberian Peninsula Napoleon could never completely conquer the Iberian Peninsula

Napoleon Invasion of Russia Napoleon invades Russia in Napoleon invades Russia in Czar Alexander I of Russia uses the scorched-earth policy: Czar Alexander I of Russia uses the scorched-earth policy: As the Russians retreated, they burned their own crops, leaving nothing for the French army.

Czar Alexander I

Napoleon Czar Alexander I even burned down Moscow rather than let Napoleon conquer it. Czar Alexander I even burned down Moscow rather than let Napoleon conquer it. Napoleon’s army had to march back to France through Russia’s cold winter, starving. Napoleon’s army had to march back to France through Russia’s cold winter, starving.

NATIONALISM All of these defeats can be attributed to the notion of nationalism. They were fighting for their own nation, for national pride. No country wanted to be controlled by a foreign (French) ruler.

Napoleon’s Defeat

Napoleon England, Russia, Prussia and Sweden join forces to form a coalition against Napoleon. 1814: Napoleon surrenders to the Fourth Coalition. Napoleon is exiled on the island of Elba Napoleon is exiled on the island of Elba

Napoleon The Hundred Days Napoleon escapes from Elba, lands in France and raises an army. Napoleon escapes from Elba, lands in France and raises an army.

Waterloo

Napoleon Napoleon is outsmarted by the Duke of Wellington, who leads the British army. Napoleon is outsmarted by the Duke of Wellington, who leads the British army. The British and Prussians defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo The British and Prussians defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

After his defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was sent to prison in St. Helena, where he eventually fell ill and died.

Congress of Vienna After Napoleon was defeated (again) Europe needed to be put back in order.

Congress of Vienna This was a meeting of European leaders who were trying to clean up Napoleon’s mess. Date: Winter 1814 – 1815 Location: Vienna, Austria Host: Klemens von Metternich

Von Metternich Foreign Minister of Austria for almost 40 years. Well educated statesman Spoke five languages Spoke five languages Thought of himself as a European rather than just an Austrian

Congress of Vienna Goals: 1. Prevent future French aggression 2. Restore a balance of power 3. Restore legitimate (true) governments…Who do you think he meant?

Congress of Vienna Preventing French aggression: This could be done by strengthening the countries that surrounded France This could be done by strengthening the countries that surrounded France

Congress of Vienna United the Netherlands Austria and 38 German kingdoms formed a confederacy Switzerland became an independent nation Italian kingdoms expanded

Congress of Vienna Balance of Power: Metternich wanted to prevent any one country from being a threat to others. Metternich wanted to prevent any one country from being a threat to others.

Congress of Vienna Legitimacy: The old kings should be restored to their thrones. The old kings should be restored to their thrones. Louis XVIII became the constitutional monarch of France. Louis XVIII became the constitutional monarch of France.

Results of the Congress of Vienna Results: Balance of Power was achieved. No major wars fought in Europe for almost 40 years. Balance of Power was achieved. No major wars fought in Europe for almost 40 years. European monarchs were restored (and agreed to help each other if any revolutions broke out.) European monarchs were restored (and agreed to help each other if any revolutions broke out.)

Results of the Congress of Vienna

Spread of Nationalism Spread of Nationalism Nationalism = pride in your country. Many people were upset by the new countries and rulers. Many people were upset by the new countries and rulers. Political division between conservatives and liberals Political division between conservatives and liberals

Results of the Congress of Vienna Conservatives: usually rich land owners / nobles. Supported monarchies Supported monarchies Liberals: Middle class leaders / merchants. Wanted to increase the power of Parliaments

Results of the Congress of Vienna Radicals: could be from any class. Wanted drastic change to extend democracy to everyone. Wanted drastic change to extend democracy to everyone.