1Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict Before the arrival of Europeans, Sub-Saharan Africa had a complex pattern of kingdoms, states, and tribal societiesBefore the arrival of Europeans, Sub-Saharan Africa had a complex pattern of kingdoms, states, and tribal societies European ColonizationEuropean Colonization It took Europeans centuries to control this regionIt took Europeans centuries to control this region The Disease FactorThe Disease Factor Malaria and other tropical diseases made it difficult for Europeans to establish coloniesMalaria and other tropical diseases made it difficult for Europeans to establish colonies Quinine made colonization possibleQuinine made colonization possible The wealth of the region made colonization desirableThe wealth of the region made colonization desirable The Scramble for AfricaThe Scramble for Africa Ethiopia remained unconqueredEthiopia remained unconquered

2Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff EUROPEAN COLONIAL OBJECTIVESEUROPEAN COLONIAL OBJECTIVES A port along the West African coastA port along the West African coast A water route to South Asia and Southeast AsiaA water route to South Asia and Southeast Asia 1500’s- looking for resources; Slaves1500’s- looking for resources; Slaves Europe industrial revolution occursEurope industrial revolution occurs Increased demand for mineral resourcesIncreased demand for mineral resources Need to expand cash crop productionNeed to expand cash crop production Need for markets for industrial productsNeed for markets for industrial products COLONIALISM

3Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 13 States divided up Africa without consideration of cultures13 States divided up Africa without consideration of cultures Results of superimposed boundariesResults of superimposed boundaries -- African peoples were divided. -- Unified regions were ripped apart. -- Hostile societies were thrown together. -- Hinterlands were disrupted. -- Migration routes were closed off. When independence returned after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation – boundary change unrealistic.When independence returned after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation – boundary change unrealistic. BERLIN CONFERENCE 1884

4Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff European Colonization in 1913 (Fig. 6.28)

5Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Great Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe)Great Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe) Indigenous power structures were left intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown.Indigenous power structures were left intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown. France: “Assimilationist” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.)France: “Assimilationist” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.) Enforced a direct rule which propagated the French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)Enforced a direct rule which propagated the French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation) COLONIAL POLICIES

6Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique)Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique) First to enslave and colonize and one of the last to grant independenceFirst to enslave and colonize and one of the last to grant independence Maintained rigid control; raw resource orientedMaintained rigid control; raw resource oriented Belgium: “Paternalistic” (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi)Belgium: “Paternalistic” (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi) Treated Africans as though they where children who needed to be tutored in western ways; did not try to make them BelgiumTreated Africans as though they where children who needed to be tutored in western ways; did not try to make them Belgium Raw resource oriented; ignored development of nativesRaw resource oriented; ignored development of natives COLONIAL POLICIES

7Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Several hundred languages are spoken.Several hundred languages are spoken. European language usually continues as the “official” language – language of government, business, & education.European language usually continues as the “official” language – language of government, business, & education. MultilingualismMultilingualism Powerful centrifugal force – reinforces tribalismPowerful centrifugal force – reinforces tribalism East Africa, Swahili serves as the lingua francaEast Africa, Swahili serves as the lingua franca Antagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda)Antagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda) Politics often equates with TRIBALISMPolitics often equates with TRIBALISM THE COLONIAL LEGACY

8Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Low level of development is linked to colonizationLow level of development is linked to colonization Transportation facilities - Movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets. No network was developed.Transportation facilities - Movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets. No network was developed. Communication within Africa is impeded by desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions.Communication within Africa is impeded by desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions. Dual economy remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets. They often produce cash crops at expense of food crops.Dual economy remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets. They often produce cash crops at expense of food crops. THE COLONIAL LEGACY

9Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Geopolitical Framework: Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict (cont.) Establishment of South Africa (cont.)Establishment of South Africa (cont.) Dutch (Boers) and British settlers conflictedDutch (Boers) and British settlers conflicted 1948 Afrikaner’s (Dutch) National Party gained control of govt.1948 Afrikaner’s (Dutch) National Party gained control of govt. Instituted Apartheid: formalized racial segregationInstituted Apartheid: formalized racial segregation Petite, meso-, and grand apartheidPetite, meso-, and grand apartheid Homelands – nominally independent states for blacksHomelands – nominally independent states for blacks

10Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Geopolitical Framework: Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict (cont.) Decolonization and IndependenceDecolonization and Independence Decolonization began in 1957Decolonization began in 1957 Organization of African Unity (OAU) – a continent-wide organization whose goal includes mediating disputes between neighboring statesOrganization of African Unity (OAU) – a continent-wide organization whose goal includes mediating disputes between neighboring states

11Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff INDEPENDENT STATES IN AFRICA INDEPENDENT

12Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Past, Present, & Future

13Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict (cont.) Decolonization and Independence (cont.)Decolonization and Independence (cont.) Southern Africa’s Independence BattlesSouthern Africa’s Independence Battles Southern Rhodesia – ZimbabweSouthern Rhodesia – Zimbabwe Portuguese colonies of Angola and MozambiquePortuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique Apartheid’s Demise in South AfricaApartheid’s Demise in South Africa Townships – segregated neighborhoods for nonwhites, located on outskirts of citiesTownships – segregated neighborhoods for nonwhites, located on outskirts of cities Opposition began in the 1960sOpposition began in the 1960s Blacks and coloureds led oppositionBlacks and coloureds led opposition Pressure for change from outside sourcesPressure for change from outside sources Free elections held in 1994Free elections held in 1994

14Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict (cont.) Continuing Political ConflictContinuing Political Conflict The Tyranny of the MapThe Tyranny of the Map Difficult to establish cohesive states in Africa because of legacy of Berlin ConferenceDifficult to establish cohesive states in Africa because of legacy of Berlin Conference Tribalism: loyalty to ethnic group not to a stateTribalism: loyalty to ethnic group not to a state Has led to many internal conflictsHas led to many internal conflicts Refugees: people who flee their country from a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, or political orientationRefugees: people who flee their country from a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, ethnicity, religion, or political orientation Internally displaced persons: people who have fled from conflict but remain in their country of originInternally displaced persons: people who have fled from conflict but remain in their country of origin

15Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Tribalism problem Tribalism is often a stronger force than nationalism.Tribalism is often a stronger force than nationalism. Political parties based on tribesPolitical parties based on tribes Problem of creating nationalism artificially.Problem of creating nationalism artificially.

16Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Postcolonial Conflicts (Fig. 6.31)

17Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Geopolitical Framework: Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict (cont.) Continuing Political Conflict (cont.)Continuing Political Conflict (cont.) Ethnic Conflict in RwandaEthnic Conflict in Rwanda 1994 genocide between Hutus and Tutsis1994 genocide between Hutus and Tutsis Belgian colonists privileged one groupBelgian colonists privileged one group Millions of refugees, half a million deathsMillions of refugees, half a million deaths Secessionist MovementsSecessionist Movements Shaba Province in ZaireShaba Province in Zaire EritreaEritrea

18Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Tribalism & Genocide

19Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff The Struggle to Rebuild Economic SituationEconomic Situation Poorest, least-developed region in the worldPoorest, least-developed region in the world Low economic base and high population growthLow economic base and high population growth Structural adjustment programs: reduce govt. spending, cut food subsidies, encourage private sectorStructural adjustment programs: reduce govt. spending, cut food subsidies, encourage private sector Roots of African PovertyRoots of African Poverty Environmental limitations and slaveryEnvironmental limitations and slavery Failed Development PoliciesFailed Development Policies Economic nationalism: inefficient, often corrupt governments took over large segments of economyEconomic nationalism: inefficient, often corrupt governments took over large segments of economy CorruptionCorruption Kleptocracy: state where corruption is so institutionalized politicians & govt. bureaucrats take huge % of country’s wealthKleptocracy: state where corruption is so institutionalized politicians & govt. bureaucrats take huge % of country’s wealth

20Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 1.Poverty 2.Disease 3.Internal ethnic problems 4.Illiteracy 5.Government instability – dictatorships, military rule 6.Lack of infrastructure 7.Environmental problems 8.Single-product economies 9.“Brain drain” 10. Peripheral relative location 10 PROBLEMS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT

21Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 15 Landlocked countries

22Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Economic and Social Development: Links to the World EconomyLinks to the World Economy Most African exports to European Union or U.S.Most African exports to European Union or U.S. Low connectivity: few phones and TVsLow connectivity: few phones and TVs Multinational providers now competing for mobile- phone customersMultinational providers now competing for mobile- phone customers Aid Versus InvestmentAid Versus Investment More aid than investmentMore aid than investment Poverty & political instability discourage investmentPoverty & political instability discourage investment Debt ReliefDebt Relief World Bank/IMF will reduce debt for countries with “unsustainable” debt burdensWorld Bank/IMF will reduce debt for countries with “unsustainable” debt burdens Savings can be used for basic servicesSavings can be used for basic services

23Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Global Linkages: Aid Dependency (Fig. 6.34)

24Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Economic Differentiation Within AfricaEconomic Differentiation Within Africa Trade blocks: Southern African Development Community (SADC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC)Trade blocks: Southern African Development Community (SADC), Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) South AfricaSouth Africa Well-developed & -balanced industrial economyWell-developed & -balanced industrial economy Oil and Mineral ProducersOil and Mineral Producers Substantial oil and mineral reserves, small populationsSubstantial oil and mineral reserves, small populations The Leaders of ECOWASThe Leaders of ECOWAS Economic Community of West African StatesEconomic Community of West African States Nigeria has largest oil reservesNigeria has largest oil reserves

25Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Supranational Organizations of Sub-Saharan Africa (Fig. 6.35)

26Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Economic Differentiation Within Africa (cont.)Economic Differentiation Within Africa (cont.) The Poorest StatesThe Poorest States Located in the Sahel, the Horn, and the southeastLocated in the Sahel, the Horn, and the southeast Measuring Social DevelopmentMeasuring Social Development Overall low levels of social development, but rates of child survival have increased since 1980Overall low levels of social development, but rates of child survival have increased since 1980 Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy World’s lowest rates: regional average of 51 yrs.World’s lowest rates: regional average of 51 yrs. Caused by extreme povertyCaused by extreme poverty Health IssuesHealth Issues Scarcity of doctors and persistence of diseasesScarcity of doctors and persistence of diseases

27Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Economic and Social Development: The Struggle to Rebuild (cont.) Women and DevelopmentWomen and Development Account for 75% of the labor that produces more than 50% of the food consumedAccount for 75% of the labor that produces more than 50% of the food consumed Status of WomenStatus of Women Considerable political and economic powerConsiderable political and economic power Polygamy prevalent, female circumcision, denial of property inheritancePolygamy prevalent, female circumcision, denial of property inheritance Building from WithinBuilding from Within Women’s market associationsWomen’s market associations

28Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff REGIONS OF SUBSAHARAN AFRICA One of the best examples of a transition zone in the world.

29Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff NIGERIA: Cornerstone in Spite of Problems Largest populationLargest population Good economic foundationGood economic foundation Oil depositsOil deposits One of the larger riversOne of the larger rivers Commercially usable forestsCommercially usable forests However, very active centrifugal forces tearing apart society – 1960s civil warHowever, very active centrifugal forces tearing apart society – 1960s civil war However, democracy has yet to work!However, democracy has yet to work!

30Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Dominated by Congo River and BasinDominated by Congo River and Basin Equatorial rainforestEquatorial rainforest Impeded in transportation and communicationImpeded in transportation and communication French is predominant in most states except Sao Tome and PrincipeFrench is predominant in most states except Sao Tome and Principe The most underdeveloped region in this realmThe most underdeveloped region in this realm ResourcesResources Copper (Democratic Republic of Congo)Copper (Democratic Republic of Congo) Timber, oil (Gabon, Cameroon)Timber, oil (Gabon, Cameroon) Gold, manganese and uraniumGold, manganese and uranium EQUATORIAL AFRICA - Regional Features

31Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff The Congo: Largest area (U.S. east of Mississippi) and population (52 million) Tiny coastline – almost a landlocked countryTiny coastline – almost a landlocked country Congo river is beset with waterfalls which makes it less useful for transportationCongo river is beset with waterfalls which makes it less useful for transportation Became and independent country with practically no experience or preparation for democracy or self-governmentBecame and independent country with practically no experience or preparation for democracy or self-government Civil War shortly after becoming independent early 1960s – Mineral rich Katanga tried to secede (site of copper mines)Civil War shortly after becoming independent early 1960s – Mineral rich Katanga tried to secede (site of copper mines)

32Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Congo’s Difficulties Stability achieved after the civil war through dictatorship under President Mobutu – economic development laggedStability achieved after the civil war through dictatorship under President Mobutu – economic development lagged Civil wars of the 1990sCivil wars of the 1990s Affected by Hutu/Tutsi ethnic war in Rwanda and BurundiAffected by Hutu/Tutsi ethnic war in Rwanda and Burundi Many refugees entered northeast Congo (Zaire)Many refugees entered northeast Congo (Zaire) Tutsi supported Tutsi-related forces in eastern Zaire under Laurent Kabila took control of the government and renamed the country CongoTutsi supported Tutsi-related forces in eastern Zaire under Laurent Kabila took control of the government and renamed the country Congo 2001 – coup attempt resulted in Kabila being killed and his son named ruler2001 – coup attempt resulted in Kabila being killed and his son named ruler

33Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Eastern Highlands Highlands of the east produce cooler & drier climateHighlands of the east produce cooler & drier climate Temperature seasons are more in evidence in the highlands (lowland tropics have seasons based on precipitation)Temperature seasons are more in evidence in the highlands (lowland tropics have seasons based on precipitation) Savanna and steppeSavanna and steppe Savanna – tall grasslands – big game countrySavanna – tall grasslands – big game country Steppe – short grasslands transitioning into desert climate and vegetationSteppe – short grasslands transitioning into desert climate and vegetation

34Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff Dominant state in regionDominant state in region Capitalist approach to developmentCapitalist approach to development White citizens were promised fair treatment as citizens if they stayed and chose citizenshipWhite citizens were promised fair treatment as citizens if they stayed and chose citizenship Nairobi (2.6 million)Nairobi (2.6 million) Coffee, tea, tourism revenuesCoffee, tea, tourism revenues Swahili is the lingua francaSwahili is the lingua franca 1980s - world’s fastest growing populations1980s - world’s fastest growing populations AIDS epidemicAIDS epidemic EAST AFRICA - Kenya

35Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff 10 countries: Northern and Southern Tiers 6 landlocked states Northern zone marks limit of Congo basin Plateau country Rich in natural resources Agricultural diversity SOUTHERN AFRICA

36Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff General Information Physiography & ClimatePhysiography & Climate Plateaus and “mountains”Plateaus and “mountains” The Great EscarpmentThe Great Escarpment Does not have the volcanic activity that is present in East AfricaDoes not have the volcanic activity that is present in East Africa Cooler climate due to altitude and latitude – four-season climates found in the southern partCooler climate due to altitude and latitude – four-season climates found in the southern part Most severe racial problems developed hereMost severe racial problems developed here

37Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, Wyckoff SOUTH AFRICA: Perforated State

38Globalization & Diversity: Rowntree, Lewis, Price, WyckoffConclusions Problems lead to pessimism –Civil wars –Health problems –Poverty Reasons for optimism –Large areas of land available for farming –Signs of declining birth rates –Some wars have ended –Improving infrastructure –To date, successful change in South Africa End of Chapter 6: Sub-Saharan Africa