Go to Section: Skeletal, Muscular, and Integumentary Systems: P. 3-4 in Human Body Book

Go to Section: Main Functions of the Skeletal System 1.Supports & gives shape to body 2.Protects internal organs 3.Provides for movement 4.Stores minerals (calcium & magnesium) 5.Blood cells produced in bone marrow Slide # 2 Compact Bone up Close

Go to Section: Label Bone Structures Spongy bone Bone marrow Compact bone Cartilage

Go to Section: Structure and Function of Bone StructureDescription/Function 1.Compact bonedense bone on outside; resists mechanical shock 2.Spongy bonehas spaces filled with bone marrow; fills the middle of bones; gives strength without adding mass 3.Bone marrowred marrow- makes blood (found in flat bones and at the ends of long bones) yellow marrow- stores fat (found in middle of long bones)

Go to Section: Structure and Function of Bone StructureDescription/Function 4. Haversian Canalstubes in compact bone that allow blood vessels to bring nutrients and oxygen to living bone cells Osteocytemature bone cell 5. Periosteumouter covering of bone made of a thin layer of connective tissue Haversian Canals Osteocyte (bone cell)

Go to Section: Structure and Function of Bone StructureDescription/Function 4.Cartilagefound at ends of bones at joints, reduces friction in movable joints 5.Ligamentconnects bone to bone at joints 6.Tendonattaches muscle to bone

Go to Section: Bone Development: When new bone is made, cartilage is made first. Then, bone laying cells called osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits to replace the cartilage in developing bones. When osteoblasts surround the bone tissue, they mature into osteocytes (mature bone cells). This process of bone formation is called ossification. Bones grow in length at areas called growth plates.

Go to Section: Hand bones in a 2 year old and a 14 year old. Ossification- the formation of new bone

Go to Section: Fixing a Broken Bone Ossification:

Go to Section: Change in Bone Density over Time What can be done now about bone loss? Eat foods containing calcium, magnesium and phosphorous now (as teens) why you still are building bone mass. Continue weight-bearing exercises throughout your life to keep the bone mass you built earlier on.

Go to Section: PROBLEM: Osteoporosis is a weakening of bones due to loss of calcium that is more common in older women =Increased risk for fracture Dowager’s hump

Go to Section: Random Facts There are 206 bones in the human body. The smallest are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup bones in the middle ear.

Go to Section: 3 Types of Joints & Their Movements 1.Immoveable (fixed) joint: no movement Bones of skull; fused 2.Freely moveable: wide range of movement Bone ends covered in cartilage 3. Slightly moveable: permit small amount of movement Between vertebrae

Go to Section: Types of Freely Moveable Joints a. Ball and socket: movement in many directions EX: shoulder & hip b. Hinge: back & forth movement EX: knee & elbow c. Gliding: bones slide in two directions EX: wrist & ankle a b c

Go to Section: MAIN FUNCTION: allows for movement when muscles contract and relax The Muscular System

Go to Section: Human Muscular System Interaction of Muscles, Bones, and Nerves: 1.Nerves cells communicate with muscle fibers, causing them to contract and do work. 2.Skeletal muscles attach to bone by tendons and are found in pairs. When one contracts, the opposite muscle relaxes, creating push and pull. 3.When a muscle contracts, its length gets shorter. When it relaxes, it gets longer.

Go to Section: Opposing muscles work together to move bones.

Go to Section: Skeletal Muscle (strength) Cardiac Muscle (endurance) Smooth Muscle (hold)

Go to Section: Three Types of Muscle Tissue Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Muscle TypeLocation in Body Skeletal Voluntary (conscious control) Usually attached to bone (striated-has stripes) SmoothInvoluntary Found in walls of blood vessels & digestive tract, in eye CardiacInvoluntary Only found in heart

Go to Section: Layers of smooth muscle, running in different directions, helps move food through the digestive system.

Go to Section: Muscle Contraction According to the Sliding Filament Theory, muscle filaments in the cell slide across each other to shorten the muscle. The filaments involved are Myosin (thick) and Actin (thin)

Go to Section: Skin The Integumentary System

Go to Section: Functions of Human Integumentary System 1. Barrier against infection and injury 2. Help regulate body temperature (sweat) 3. Remove waste products from body 4. Provide protection against ultraviolet radiation 5. Largest Sense organ in the body Skin Model Epidermis Dermis

Go to Section: PartFunction / Description Epidermis Outer epidermis made of ~ 20 layers of dead cells Inner epidermis made of living cell; Melanin (brown pigment) producing cells help protects against UV radiation DermisInner layer, Supports epidermis; contains hair follicles, nerve endings, blood vessels & oil and sweat glands Hair & NailsMade of a protein called keratin. Provides Protection Epidermis, Dermis, Hair, and Nails

Go to Section: Melanin is made in melanocytes and pass these grains of brown pigment on to the upper epidermis.

Go to Section: Skin Cancer

Go to Section: The lymphatic system can spread cancer cells throughout the body. How Skin Cancer can spread Video Link:

Go to Section: Sweat Gland Pore on Surface of Skin

Go to Section: Hair Follicle and Follicle Mite

Go to Section: Muscles attached to hair follicles stand hair up to create a pocket of warm air near the surface of the skin.

Go to Section: This Nerve Ending in the skin detects deep pressure. Nerve Endings can detect: Touch Heat / Cold Pressure Pain