1. Body Organization and Structure

2. Body Organization and Structure Chapter 8 – Section 1
Homeostasis: the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment
Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform a common function
Organ: a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Organ system: a group of organs that work together to perform body functions

3. Body Organization and Structure Chapter 8 – Section 1
11 Major Organ Systems
Integumentary System
Muscular System
Skeletal System
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Urinary System
Male or Female Reproductive System
Nervous System
Digestive System
Lymphatic Systems
Endocrine System

4. Body Organization and Structure Chapter 8 – Section 2
Skeletal system – the organ system whose primary function is to support and protect the body and to allow the body to move. Support like a house---the framework.
206 bones. Many bones make blood and store minerals and fat.
Movement---bones with the help of muscles allow you to move.
PROTECTION!!!
A bone is a living organ. It is made of different tissues. Two types:
Spongy bone: provides strength and support for the bone. This is where you will find marrow.
Compact bone: rigid and dense. Forms the outer layers of the bone.
Bones are like a factory---it produces cells. Also, like a storage unit/warehouse---stores materials.

5. Skeletal System
Marrow: red marrow: produces red and white blood cells. Found in flat bones or at the end of long bones.
Yellow marrow: stores fat. Found in the center of long bones.
Bones also store calcium and phosphorus---minerals. Deposited by living cells called osteoblasts. These minerals give bones strength.

7. Section 2
When you were born your bones were cartilage. Cartilage is in your nose or ear. This is why babies are flexible. Cartilage is also a shock absorber between bones. It protects bones. Cartilage is not as stretchy as bone but is flexible. Cartilage has three jobs:
Protect bones
Give your body shape---ears and nose
Allows flexibility.
Four parts to skeletal system: bones, ligaments, cartilage, and joints.
Joint – a place where two or more bones meet. Three types:
Gliding joint: hand, wrist—they glide over each other
Ball and socket: shoulder—rotates
Hinge: knee—like opening a door.
Ligaments = bone to bone, where joints are held together. Ligaments are connective tissue. Tough tissue that is stretchy.

11. Section 3
Muscular system – the organ system whose primary function is movement and flexibility. More than 650 muscles in your body.
Movement and flexibility
Gives body final shape
Three types of muscles:
Cardiac: heart only
Smooth: digestive tract and walls of blood vessels
Skeletal muscle: attached to bones for movement, eyelids, and breathing.
Two Types:
Voluntary: skeletal muscle
Involuntary: cardiac, skeletal, and smooth.

15. Section 3 Tendons: attach muscles to bone.
Muscles work in pairs. One contracts while one extends. *flexor and extensor
Strain – an injury in which a muscle or tendon is overstretched or torn.
Tendinitis – inflammation of a tendon

17. Body Organization and Structure Chapter 8 – Section 3
Integumentary system – the organ system that forms a protective covering on the outside of the body.
Protects by keeping water in your body and germs out of your body
Helps regulate body temperature: sweating
Helps get rid of waste.
Melanin: a chemical that gives skin color. More melanin = darker skin.
What is the largest organ of your body????

18. Section 4
Epidermis – the surface layer of cells on a plant or animal. Most cells on the epidermis are dead. They are filled with keratin. Keratin helps make skin tough. The epidermis is made of up epithelial tissue. The epidermis is thicker on your hands and feet- --palms and soles.
Dermis – the layer of skin below the epidermis. Made of proteins called collagen. Collagen provides strength and allows skin to bend without tearing.
Hair and nails are also part of the integument system. Hair also gets its color from melanin. Hair helps protect us from ultraviolet light, sweat in our eyes, and pathogens in our nose. Also, helps regulate body temperature. Hair stands up when cold. This is trapping warm air around the body----like a sweater.
Nails protect the tips of your fingers and toes.