Reproduction Topics The Human Male Reproductive System The Human Female Reproductive System Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

The Human Male Reproductive System Anatomy Spermatogenesis Hormonal Control Seminal Fluid

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System General Anatomy

Male Reproductive System Anatomy Epididymus Prostate Gland Seminal Vesicle Vas Deferens Cowper's Gland Penis Urethra Teste

Male Reproductive System Anatomy Epididymus Prostate Gland Seminal Vesicle Vas Deferens Cowper's Gland Penis Urethra Teste

Functions of the Components of the Male Reproductive System Word List Description ·Contains seminiferous tubules that produce sperm ·Produces an alkaline fluid that protects the sperm from acidity in the vagina ·Consists of coiled tubes that store the sperm cells ·Secretes a mucus-rich fluids that protect sperm within the urethra and provides lubrication ·A tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct ·A pouch of skin that contains the testis ·Produces a substance containing fructose and prostaglandins ·A tube which carries both urine and semen ·A tubule that forms where the vas deferens, seminal vesicle ducts, and urethra opening occur Seminal Vesicle Testis Prostate Gland Vas Deferens Urethra Epididymus Ejaculatory Duct Cowper's Gland Scrotum

Spermatogenesis The seminiferous tubules are the site of spermatogenesis · Each teste contains 250m worth! It takes about weeks for a spermatocyte to differentiate into sperm cells

Spermatogenesis

Important Notes on Spermatogenesis Diploid Cells (2n or 46 chromosomes): ·Spermatogonium ·Primary Spermatocyte Haploid Cells (n or 23 chromosomes) ·Secondary Spermatocyte ·Spermatid ·Sperm Meiosis occurs in the Spermatocytes

Spermatogenesis Sperm Structure Structure Advantages: 1. Stream lined - little resistance 2. Contains enzymes in acrosome 3. Contains a powerhouse 4. Flagellum to propel it Sperm Wars

Seminal Fluid Sperm leaves the body as part of a solution The seminal fluids contain secretions from the following glands: Seminal Vesicles ·Frustose and prostaglandins Prostate Gland ·Alkaline buffer Cowper's (Bolbourethral) Glands ·Mucus-rich fluid to protect sperm through urethra ·Provides lubrication during intercourse The pathway of sperm During orgasm, strong muscular contractions force the semen into the urethra and out of the penis ·~3-4mL ·500 million sperm cells/ejaculation

Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System Primary Sexual Characteristics ·Physical Characteristics of an organism that are directly involved in reproduction Testes, Sem. Tubules, Epididymus, Vas Deferens, Sem. Vesicle, Prostate Gland, Cowper's Gland, Urethra, Penis Secondary Sexual Characteristics ·External features of an organism that are indicative or the gender, but not the reproductive organs themselves ·Chest/abdominal/facial hair ·Armpit/Pubic hair ·Deeper voice (enlarged larynx) ·Larger, stronger muscles ·Fat deposits around abdomen ·Coarser skin ·Ankle to thigh is a straight line

Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System Testosterone ·Produced by the interstitial cells ·Stimulates maturation of testes and penis ·Stimulates spermatogenesis ·Promotes secondary sexual characteristics ·Increases body oil production - creates body odour Gonadotropic Hormones (Gonadotropins) ·Secreted by the pituitary gland and control the function of the testes ·Include LH and FSH Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) ·Stimulates the release of gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary gland Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) ·Stimulates spermatogonium to differentiate into spermatocytes Luteinizing Hormone (LH) ·Stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone Inhibin ·Secreted by Sertoli cells when sperm counts are high ·Inhibits pituitary secretion of FSH

Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System Hormonal Feedback Loop for the Male Reproductive System Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Testes Interstitial Cells Sertoli Cells

The Human Female Reproductive System Anatomy Oogenesis and Ovulation Menstrual Cycle Female Hormones and Feedback

Anatomy

Oogenesis and Ovulation Formation of an ovum

Oogenesis and Ovulation Oogenesis · The formation and development of a mature ova (ovum s.) ·Begins prior to birth during fetal development (~20 Weeks) **A human female at the time of puberty has all of the oocytes she will have for her entire life** ·Meiosis during oogenesis is not equal, the secondary oocyte retains most of the cytoplasm ·The other cell is known as a polar body ·This allows for most nutrients to be stored in the developing oocyte Ovulation ·A secondary oocyte is released from the mature follicle at ovulation ·Fibriae sweep the oocyte into the oviducts, cilia then sweep it along towards the uterus ·A mature ovum is formed once fertilization occurs ·If there is no fertilization, the secondary oocyte deteriorates and is shed with the endometrium

Oogenesis and Ovulation To review...

Oogenesis and Ovulation Females have a complicated sexual cycle that involves the maturation of one ovum usually every days once they reach puberty Just like men, women develop many secondary sexual characteristics at the time of puberty ·Enlarged breasts ·Less facial hair compared to men ·Armpit/Pubic hair ·Wider hips and shoulders ·Fat deposits near the hips and buttocks ·More body fat than men ·Smaller and hands and feet than men ·Angle from thigh to ankle is slightly bent

Menstrual Cycle In addition to secondary sexual characteristics, the onset of puberty initiates the menstrual cycle ·Includes the latter part of oogenesis ·Ovulation ·Thickening and shedding of the endometrium ·The menstrual cycle lasts an average of days ·Is repeated throughout a woman's reproductive lifetime ·Regulated by changes in hormone levels The menstrual cycle can be divided into a series of phases

Menstrual Cycle

Hormones Influencing Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Menses (Flow Phase) ·FSH stimulates follicle development ·Estrogen levels are low, but rise towards the the end due to the developing follicle producing estrogen ·Low progesterone and estrogen - causes menses Proliferative Phase (Follicular Phase) ·Follicle continues to develop - producing estrogen ·FSH levels decrease with increasing estrogen levels ·Increasing estrogen helps to restore the endometrium

Menstrual Cycle Hormones Influencing Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Ovulatory Phase ·Increased estrogen levels stimulate the pituitary to release a surge of LH and FSH - causing ovulation (release of the secondary oocyte) Secretory Phase (Luteal Phase) ·As granulosa cells form the Corpus luteum - production of progesterone and some estrogen occurs ·As corpus luteum forms into corpus albicans, progesterone and estrogen levels decline ·Declining progesterone and estrogen indicating the oncoming menses If secondary oocyte is not fertilized, estrogen and progesterone decrease and menstruation (menses) occurs

Female Hormones and Feedback Female Hormones Anterior Pituitary Hormones FSH ·Stimulates the development of follicle cells ·This subsequently results in estrogen production LH ·Stimulates ovulation and the formation and development of the corpus luteum ·This subsequently results in progesterone and estrogen production

Female Hormones and Feedback Female Hormones Gonadotropic Hormones Estrogen ·Initiates secondary sexual characteristics ·Causes thickening of the endometrium each cycle Progesterone ·Maintains endometrium (prepares the uterus for implantation of embryo) ·Inhibuts another ovulation and uterine contractions ·Firms the cervix to prevent expulsion of fetus

Female Hormones and Feedback Feedback Control Hypothalamus Pituitary Ovary Growing Follicle Corpus Luteum

Female Hormones and Feedback Menopause ·A hormonal shift resembling puberty ·Monthly cycles come to an end ·At this time, there are few follicles left within the women ·The follicles are older and do not respond to FSH - follicles do not develop and estrogen/progesterone are not produced ·This means no more cycles (ie. menstruation) ·The brain continually sends hormones to the ovaries - can result in erratic response of the ovaries - mood swings and hot flashes