INTRODUCTION TO THE STRUCTURAL UNITS Chapter 1

Anatomy and Physiology Branches of Anatomy 1.Gross Anatomy- study of large and easily observable structures by dissection or inspection with the naked

Anatomy and Physiology 2. Microscopic Anatomy- on a cellular level thanks to invention of the microscope Cytology: study of the structure, function, and development of cells that comprise different body parts Histology: study of tissues and organs that make up the entire body of an organism

Anatomy and Physiology 3.Developmental Anatomy: studies the growth and development of an organism during its lifetime Embryology: studies the formation of an organism from the fertilized egg to birth

Anatomy and Physiology 4. Comparative Anatomy- studies the organs and body parts of humans in comparison to other animals within the animal kingdom 5. Systemic Anatomy- studies structure and function of various organs or parts that comprise a particular organ system. Ex:Dermatology-study of integumentary system Endocrinology-study of endocrine system Neurology- study of nervous system

Anatomic Terminology Anatomical Position: a human being in such a position is standing erect, with face forward, arms at the side, and palms forward

Anatomic Terminology Terms Referring to Location or Position and Direction Anterior/Ventral: “front” or “in front of” Ex: A ventral hernia may protrude from the front of the abdomen. Posterior/Dorsal: “back” or “in back of” Ex: Shoulder blades (scapula) are located on the posterior surface of the body.

Anatomical Terminology Cranial: “skull or head end” Ex: A VP shunt was placed to manage the patients increased intracranial pressure. Caudal: “tail end” Ex: Caudal anesthesia is injected in the lower spine. Superior: “upper” or “above another” Ex. The heart and lungs are situated superior to the diaphragm. Inferior:”lower” or “below another” Ex. The intestines are situated inferior to the diaphragm.

Anatomic Terminology Medial:”toward the midline or median plane of the body” Lateral: “away” or toward the side of the body Ex: The nose is medial to the eyes and the ears are lateral to the nose.

Anatomic Terminology Proximal: “towards the point of attachment to the body or trunk of the body” Distal: “away from the point of attachment or origin or farthest from the trunk of the body” Ex: The hand is proximal to the wrist. The elbow is distal to the shoulder.

Anatomic Terminology Terms Referring to Body Planes and Sections Planes are imaginary anatomical dividing lines which are useful in separating body structures. A section is a cut made through the body in the direction of a certain plane

Anatomic Terminology Sagittal Plane: divides the body into right and left parts Mid-Sagittal Plane: right and left sides of the body

Anatomic Terminology Coronal (frontal) Plane: a vertical cut at right angles to the sagittal plane dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions Transverse Plane: aka-”cross section” a horizontal line that divides the body into upper and lower parts

Anatomic Terminology

Anatomical Terminology Terms Referring to Cavities of the Body Dorsal cavity: contains brain and spinal cord Cranial cavity: contains the brain Spinal cavity: contains the spinal cord Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs

Anatomical Terminology Abdominopelvic cavity: includes abdomen and pelvis Abdominal cavity: contains stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, appendix, and part of the large intestine Pelvic cavity: contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, appendix, and remainder of large intestine

Anatomic Terminology

Terms Referring to Regions in the Abdominopelvic Cavity Upper/Epigastric region: located just below the sternum Right hypochondriac region: just below ribs on right side of body Left hypochondriac region: just below ribs on left side of body

Anatomic Terminology Middle/Umbilical region: around the naval or umbilicus Right lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below right hypochondriac region Left lumbar region: runs anterior to posterior, just below left hypochondriac region Lower/Hypogastric region: pubic area Right Illiac Region: right inguinal area Left Illiac Region: left inguinal area

Anatomical Terminology

Smaller Cavities Orbital cavity: eyes, optic nerves, lacrimal (tear) ducts Nasal cavity: parts that form the nose Buccal cavity: teeth and tongue

Life Functions Life Functions are a series of highly organized and related activities which allow living organisms to live, grow, and maintain themselves. These vital functions include movement, ingestion, digestion, transport, respiration, synthesis, assimilation, growth, secretion, excretion, regulation, and reproduction

Human Development Early in human development, certain groups of cells become highly specialized for specific functions. Special cells grouped according to function, shape, size, and structure are called tissues.

Human Development Tissues form larger structural units known as organs. Groups of organs that work together to perform a specific function are called an organ system.

Body Processes Metabolism: the functional activities of cells that result in growth, repair, energy release, use of food, and secretions Anabolism: the building up of complex materials from simpler ones such as food and oxygen

Body Processes Catabolism: the breaking down and changing of complex substances into simpler ones, with a release of energy and carbon dioxide Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism Homeostasis: the maintenance of optimal internal environment of the human body