World War I I.The Coming of the Great War II.A World at War III.Failed Peace and Global Turmoil IV.The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

World War I

The Coming of the Great War The Long March to War Triple Entente Russia, France, Britain (B. & U.S. joins late) v. Germany Central Powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy Italy joins Entente, 1915 M.I.N.E/A * (MAIN)

The Outbreak of the War Gavriel Princip (Serbian nationalist) Assassinates Austrian archduke, 1914 Austria-Hungary, Germany Attack Serbia Russia mobilizes Germany declares war on Russia & France (Schlieffen Plan to avoid two front war) Germany invades (neutral) Belgium Britain declares war

A World at War Quick war expected The War in Europe Stalemate on Western Front Trench warfare Massive losses New Weapons prove Deadly!

A World at War The War in the East and in Italy Russians Offensives against Germany More movement & land transfer, BUT just as deadly as Western Front, perhaps more so. Bolshevik Revl’n (Russian Civil War) led to Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to end war on E.Front (1918) Italians – joined the Entente for territorial gain in N. territory of A-H War with Austrians (A-H) stalemated A-H weakened power (no global empire) Ottoman Empire also in decline (G. had weak partners)

World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East

The Home Fronts in Europe Little sympathy at home Growth in governments Propaganda Suppression of criticism Labor groups dissatisfied Weakens Germany Russia falls Women in work force!

The War Beyond Europe British block supplies to Central Powers Uses imperial resources, manpower Indians deployed in many areas French Use African troops Japan Fights Germans in China, the Pacific Benefits from global war, dominated by Europe.

The War Beyond Europe Ottomans Side with Germany Armenian genocide* United States (p.15) Begins neutral German submarines attack American shipping 1917, enter war Zimmerman Telegram

Africa During World War I

World War I Losses

Failed Peace Woodrow Wilson (Armistice & 14 Points) Peace of Paris/Treaty of Versailles German war guilt Reparations Austria-Hungary Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia Poland independent League of Nations

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order Campaigns in Africa, Middle East Britain draws on colonial resources Indian production stepped up Asians, Africans work, serve Colonies Indigenous personnel given more opportunity Become more vulnerable to internal dissent!

India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj India, Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines Nationalist movements Worldwide patterns Leadership of Western-educated elite Charismatic leaders Nonviolence

India: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj India Indian National Congress, 1885 Initially loyal to British Spurred by racism Builds Indian identity Promoted goals of Indian elite

Social Foundations of a Mass Movement Critique of British rule Economic privilege for British Indian army used for British interests High-paid British officials Cash crops push out food production

The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu/Muslim split B.G. Tilak Nationalism above religious concerns Conservative Hinduism promoted Opposition to female education Boycotts of British goods Bombay regions Imprisoned/Radical/Nationalism

The Rise of Militant Nationalism Hindu communalists Violent means Terrorism in Bengal Morley-Minto reforms, 1909 More opportunity for Indians Loyal to British at start of war But war casualties and costs mount Inflation, famine Promises broken Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 Greater Indian participation in government

The Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Rowlatt Act, 1919 Civil rights restricted Gandhi protests Mohandas K. Ghandi Nonviolence Satyagraha, or truth force Struggles continued into WW2

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East Egyptian nationalism Ahmad Orabi Rising, 1882 Lord Cromer Reforms Benefit upper classes Journalists predominate

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East 1890s – British occupation Political parties form Harsh repression Dinshawi Incident, 1906 Focuses Egyptian nationalism Further facilitated by WWI and use of Egyptian resources and land to fight Ottomans British grant constitution, 1913 Become a ‘protectorate’

The Middle East After World War I

War and Nationalist Movements in the Middle East Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) Independence by 1923 Reforms Westernizing France, Britain Promises to former Ottoman subjects Occupy former Turkish lands: mandates Arabs and Jews given conflicting assurances Balfour Declaration Zionism World Zionist Organization Theodore Herzl

Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Egypt a British protectorate, 1914 Martial law to protect Suez Canal War drains Egyptian resources Egyptians refused to present at Versailles Wafd Party British agree to independence From 1922 To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936 Early regimes Little progress [1952, Gen. Abdul Nasser leads revolution]

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa General loyalty War Drains resources Western-educated Africans gain authority Pan-African movement (led by Americans) Marcus Garvey W.E.B. Du Bois

Global Connections: World War and Global Upheavals Consequences Europe’s global position undermined Worldwide Flu Pandemic – Spanish Flu Europe begins to lose economically to rivals Resistance movements gain strength Often assisted by Russia