International Politics Nuclear Weapons Questions –Did Nuclear Weapons “Change” Prior Power-Based Theories, Or Are The Rules Of The Game Relatively Similar? –What Nuclear Strategies Have Been Employed By Countries? How Do They (Compellence, Brinkmanship, Flexible Response) Differ From Each Other? How Do Nuclear Targets Differ From Each Other? –Have Policies Designed To Stop Or Contain Nuclear Weapons Been Successful Or Not? –What Are “Other” Forms Of WMD? Why Are States Pursuing These Alternatives?

International Politics Nuclear Weapons New Nuclear Politics Theory: Nuclear Weapons Significantly International Politics –Nuclear Weapons = New Rules, Invalidate “Old Rules” –World Fundamentally Altered Since 1945 (Nuclear Weapons More Destructive Than In Prior Wars) –Hypothesis: Power Theories Invalidated By Nukes Independent Variable: Nuclear Weapons Dependent Variable: Power Theories (Balance of Power, PTT) Relationship: Negative (Introduction Of Nuclear Weapons Weakens Existing Power Theories) –Evidence: Little Or No Support For Prior Theories –New Rules: Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) Should Reduce Conflict Between Nuclear Powers (Because New Weapons Are More Terrifying)

International Politics Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons Do Not Significantly Alter International Politics –Lethal Nature Of Weapons Nothing New Total War Previously Waged –Punic Wars: Rome Kills Carthaginian Men, Enslaves Women & Children, Pulls Down Walls, Salts The Earth. City Undiscovered For More Than 2000 Years. –Hitler Wipes The Czech Town Of Lidice Off The Map After Partisans Kill Nazi Ally Heydrich. –Hypothesis: Power Theories Applicable Before And After 1945 (A-Bomb Dropped Upon The Japanese) Independent Variable: Nuclear Weapons Dependent Variable: Power-Base Theories Relationship: No Change In Relationship (Neither Positive Nor Negative Relationship)

International Politics Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons –Destructive Capability –Expense “Sucked” Away Money From Conventional (Usable) Weaponry Nuclear Weapons Pacifying Examples –Cuban Missile Crisis Restraint (1 Death) –Flexible Response Not All Conflicts Need To Be Nuclear Green Berets & Counterinsurgency In Vietnam –Mutual Assured Destruction (M.A.D.) Any Nuke Use = Holocaust No One Can Win Nuclear War

International Politics Nuclear Weapons More Nuclear Pacifying Ideas –Deterrence Direct: Defend Selves Extended: Defend Allies –Treaties Hot Line: Avoid Accidental Launch, Misunderstanding Test-Ban –No Test = No Confidence In Weapons –No New Weapons (Neutron Bomb, Space Weapons) Arms Limitation: SALT Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty: Defense = Attempt To Win Nuclear War Arms Reduction (START) Before the “Big Red Phone” (Hot Line) You Had: 1-Way Communication (Moscow Radio) Telegrams & Mistakes Need for Direct Communication USA (Bush) & PRC (China) Setting Up Similar Communications Extended Deterrence: A Nuclear Umbrella… Protects Allies Encourages Allies Not To Build WMD Improves C&C (Command & Control)

International Politics Nuclear Weapons Power Based Theories In The Nuclear Age –Compellence: Subtle Coercion In The Context of Nuclear Weapons Berlin Airlift “Veiled Threats” –Brinkmanship: Overt Nuclear Threats Theory: Nuclear War Is “Winnable” Suez Canal & Cuban Missile Crisis Threats Targets –Counterforce (Military) –Countervalue (Civilian) Strategy –First Strike = Counterforce –Massive Retaliation = Countervalue Georgia Map: Where Are Counterforce Targets In Georgia? Where Are Countervalue Targets In Georgia? U.S. Military Bases in Georgia Albany Marine Corps Logistics Base Athens Navy Supply Corps School Atlanta Naval Air Station Fort Benning Dobbins Air Reserve Base Fort Gillem Fort Gordon Hunter Army Airfield Kings Bay Submarine Base Fort McPherson Marine Aircraft Group 42, Atlanta Moody Air Force Base Fort Stewart Robins Air Force Base

International Politics Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons Data: Source = NRDC (National Resources Defense Council) Did Nuclear Weapons Stop Crises? Did The Number Of Nuclear Weapons Affect The Outcome Of The Crises (Who “Won”)? Cuban Missile Crisis Suez Canal Crisis Afghanistan Invasion KAL 007 Jet Downed End Of Cold War Arab Israeli “Yom Kippur War”

International Politics Nuclear Weapons Current Nuclear Stockpiles –Do Nuclear Weapons Represent “The New Power Structure” In International Politics? Why Or Why Not? –If Power-Based Theories Do Apply, Which Theory (Balance Of Power, Power Transition Theory) Best Applies? Country Suspected Total Nuclear Weapons China400 France350 India60+? Israel200+? Pakistan24-48 Russia~10,000 United Kingdom185 United States10,656 Center for Defense Information

International Politics Nuclear Weapons Contemporary Issues –Nuclear Weapons Proliferation Types –Horizontal: Growth In Members –Vertical: Growth In Capabilities Early Proliferation: Among Allies Concern With China (Mao: Can Win Nuclear War & Have Half Of Population Survive) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty –Signers: No Weapons Development –Peaceful Transfer Of Nuclear Technology From Nuclear Haves To Nuclear Have-Nots –Signers (Iraq, North Korea) Violate NPT, Others (Israel, India) Never Sign Treaty What might be some problems with India and North Korea building nuclear bombs?

International Politics Nuclear Weapons –Other “WMD” (Weapons Of Mass Destruction) Early WMD: Destroy City + All Civilians, Salt Earth (Melos, Carthage, Lidice) “Cheaper” Weapons –Chemical Weapons –Biological Weapons Problems With Cheap Weapons –Unreliable Weapons Can Hurt Own Troops –First World Countries Generally Prepared For Chemical & Bio- Weapons –Only Advantage: Hit Civilians (Iraq vs. Kurds) Or Third World Military (Iraq vs. Iran) 5,000 were killed in this village. “I lost 120 of my relatives. I'm the only one left” said a Kurdish woman. WMD Cases Since WWII: Saddam Hussein uses chemical weapons against Iraqi Kurds and Iranian troops, killing thousands. What was the U.S. role, and why? How might IR theories explain our response?

International Politics Nuclear Weapons Questions –Dr. Strangelove How Does The Film Reflect America’s (and the Soviet Union’s) Security Dilemma? Does Air Force Colonel Jack T. Ripper’s Strategy Reflect Compellence, Brinkmanship Or Flexible Response? How Does “The Doomsday Device” Reflect Mutual Assured Destruction (M.A.D.)? Does The Comical Attitude Reflecting The Lack Of A Serious Attitude Toward Nukes Reflect Our Own Views Today? Do Americans Take Nuclear Threats More Seriously Today?