Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

Objectives 14.1 Overview: Understanding Psychological Disorders Define psychological disorders as determined by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) and explain the criteria for abnormal behavior using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Anxiety Disorders Distinguish between different types of anxiety disorders; identify signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders. Categorize the types of anxiety disorders according to diagnostic criteria. Explain biological, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives of anxiety disorders.

Objectives 14.3 Somatoform Disorders Understand personality, behavioral, cognitive, and unconscious factors involved in the development of somatoform disorders Dissociative Disorders Identify the signs and symptoms of dissociative disorders.

Objectives 14.5 Mood Disorders Examine types of mood disorders based upon APA guidelines using D-SIGECAPS. Differentiate between a unipolar and bipolar mood disorder Psychotic Disorders Recognize signs and symptoms of psychotic disorders.

Objectives 14.7 Personality Disorders List and describe the personality disorders as described in the DSM-IV-TR.

Defining Psychological Disorders: The Medical Model Medical model: A theory that suggests that psychological disorders are illnesses that require treatment Figure 14.01: Prevalance of Psychological Disorders among U.S. Adult Population. Data from Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. oi: /archpsyc

The Biopsychosocial Approach Biopsychosocial approach - A theory that recognizes three equally important aspects of human mental processes and behavior: –Biological –Psychological –Social

Criteria of Abnormal Behavior 1.The behavior must be deviant. 2.The behavior must be maladaptive. 3.The behavior must cause personal distress.

Classifying and Labeling Psychological Disorders

Advantages and Disadvantages of Classification Systems Advantages Serves as useful shorthand to aid in diagnostic communication. Because it is based on statistical data, it has predictive value. Disadvantages Diagnostic judgments are subjective. Labels have negative effects.

Etiology of Psychological Disorders Diathesis-stress Hypothesis Reciprocal Gene Environment Model

Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobic Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Criteria for PTSD 1.Reexperiencing 2.Avoidance and numbing 3.Increased arousal

Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Biological Perspective Figure 14.14: Limbic system structures such as the hypothalamus and thalamus may be involved with OCD.

Learning Perspective Conditioning Observational learning Cognitive factors

Somatoform Disorders

Etiology of Somatoform Disorders Personality Cognitive patterns Learning patterns

Dissociative Disorders

Etiology of Dissociative Disorders Coping mechanism Attention seeking

Mood Disorders

Depression

Depression and Bipolar Disorder Symptoms of mania include: inflated self-esteem decreased need for sleep feeling a pressure to keep talking a flight of ideas, or the feeling that your thoughts are racing increase in goal-directed behavior excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high possibility for painful consequences

Etiology of Mood Disorders The Biological Perspective –Genetic vulnerability –Neurochemical and neuroanatomical factors The Social-Cognitive Perspective

Psychotic Disorders

Symptoms of All Schizophrenic Disorders Disordered thinking Delusions and hallucinations Catatonia Disordered behavior and emotions

Schizophrenic Subtypes Paranoid: Characterized by highly structured non- bizarre delusions, coherent visual or auditory hallucinations, and feelings of persecution Catatonic: Characterized by one or both forms of catatonia, as well as other behavioral symptoms Disorganized: Characterized by disorganized speech and behavior, flat mood, and inappropriate emotions Undifferentiated: The presence of symptoms that meet the core criteria for schizophrenia but do not meet the criteria for paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic type

Etiology of Psychotic Disorders Genetic vulnerability Brain abnormalities Neurodevelopment in the uterus Psychological factors

Personality Disorders

Antisocial Personality Disorder Lawbreaking Frequent lying Impulsivity Aggressiveness Disregard for the safety of others Irresponsibility Lack of remorse

Paranoid Personality Disorder Individuals with PPD Expect to be exploited or harmed by others and are preoccupied with the trustworthiness of their friends Think that information they give about themselves will be used against them Read hidden meaning into harmless remarks Are unforgiving of insults, are quick to counterattack, and often doubt the fidelity of their romantic partners

Borderline Personality Disorder