Organic Chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of carbon based compounds - This field of chemistry is very important because all living things and many non-living material are organic 1-meth, 2-eth, 3-prop, 4-but, 5-pent, 6-hex, 7-hept, 8-oct, 9-non, 10-dec

Hydrocarbons: organic compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen Alkanes: the most simple organic sturctures. - All alkanes consist of a straight chain of hydrocarbons with single covalent bonds - Alkanes are named by how many carbon atoms they contain. - pg All alkanes end in -ane

Branched-Chain Alkanes: an alkane chain with one or more alkyl groups attached Naming 1. Find the longest chain. This is the parent alkane. - In this example there is a chain with 9 (nonane) 2. Number the chain starting with one that will give the attached groups (substituent group) the lowest number. 3. Add numbers of the parent chain carbon bonded to the names of the substituent group - Called saturated compounds because they contain the maximum number of hydrogens

4. If a substituent group repeats itself use a prefix in front of the groups name. (ie. di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-) 5. List the names of the substituent groups in alphabetical order ignoring any prefixes 6. Punctuate the name using commas to seperate numbers and hyphens to separate numbers and words

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Alkenes: hydrocarbons containing double covalent bonds - Called unsaturated compounds because they do not have the maximum number of hydrogen possible. Naming: 1. Find the longest carbon chain that contains a double bond. This is the parent chain. 2. Number the carbons so that the double bond gets the lowest number possible. 3. The substituents on the chain are named the same way as the alkanes.

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Alkynes: hydrocarbons containing triple covalent bonds - Called unsaturated compounds because they do not have the maximum number of hydrogen possible. Naming: 1. Find the longest carbon chain that contains a triple bond. This is the parent chain. 2. Number the carbons so that the triple bond gets the lowest number possible. 3. The substituents on the chain are named the same way as the alkanes.

Isomers: molecules that are made of the same atoms in the same amounts but have different structures. Structural Isomers: molecules that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures.

Geometric Isomers: molecules that contain the same elements in the same amounts but their substituents can be drawn in different geometric arrangements. Trans Configuration: the substituent groups are on opposite sides of the double bond trans-2-Pentene Cis Configuration: the substituent groups are on the same side of the double bond cis-2-Pentene

Benzene: a six carbon ring with one hydrogen attached to each carbon. Naming: Name these molecules in the same way. Benzene will be the parent and all attached to it Is the substituent.

Phenol: when benzene becomes a substutuent group it is called phenol Benzene is a substituent group when there is a functional group attached to the benzene ring.

Functional Groups: a specific arrangement of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions. Halocarbons: a class of organic compounds containing a halogen atom. Naminig: 1. name parent group 2. list the halogen as an alkyl group before the parent name

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Alcohols: organic compounds with a hydroxide group attached. Naming: 1. name the parent chain the same way that have been. 2. number the location of the –OH group in front of the parent group. 3. at the end of parent name add the suffix -ol. 4. if there are more than one alcohol groups put a prefix in front of the -ol

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Ether: compounds in which oxygen is bonding to two carbon groups. Naming: 1. Name the carbon chains coming off the oxygen as alkyl groups. 2. End the name in ether. 3. Put a the prefix di on the name of the carbon chain if they repeat themselves

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Aldehydes: organic compounds that consists of a carbon atom and an oxygen atom are double bound and that carbon atom is also bound to a hydrogen atom Naming: 1. Identify the longest chain that contains aldehyde group. 2. Take off the e at the end of the name of the parent chain and add -al

Ketones: organic compounds that consists of a carbon atom in a carbon chain that an oxygen atom is double bound Naming: 1. Identify the longest chain that contains ketone group. 2. Take off the e at the end of the name of the parent chain and add -one

Carboxylic Acid: compounds with a functional group that consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and singly bound to a hydroxide. Naming: 1. Identify the longest chain that contains the carboxylic group. 2. Take off the –e on the parent name and add –oic acid

Ester: compounds with a functional group that consists of a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and singly bound to another oxygen that is bound to a carbon chain. Don’t worry about naming these

Amine: compounds with a functional group that consists of a functional group NH 2 bonded to a carbon chain. Naming: 1. Identify the longest chain that contains the anime group. 2. Name the parent chain and identify the amine group by stating the carbon number it is bonded to and writing amino as a prefix

Amino Acids: a functional group that contains an amine group and a carboxylic acid group in the same carbon chain Naming: 1. Identify the longest chain that contains both functional groups. 2. Name the parent chain and identify the amine group by stating the carbon number it is bonded to and writing amino as a prefix 3. End the name with –oic acid