History Before Apartheid  1,500 years ago: Bantu migration south  1600’s: 1 st Europeans became known as Afrikaners, spoke Afrikaan  Colonizers: British, French, Germans  Black South Africans battle with whites  1800’s: White settlers forced Black Africans off the best land.

English and Dutch colonized the area in the 17 th century 1800’s: White settlers forced Black Africans off the best land. Battle over this land between the several countries Fertile farmland and mineral resources Diamonds, gold, and platinum mines Mild climate South Africa

Union of Africa Under the British Natives Act Land of 1913: Blacks could only live in 8% of the country. The rest of belonged to whites. Blacks could work in white areas for very low wages Blacks could not own land in white areas 1920: law passed separating black and white workers. Highest paying and best jobs went to whites.

Apartheid: : The Nationalist Party won the election and took over the country. They added new laws to white power determining where others might live, go to school, and what jobs they may hold. These laws were called Apartheid laws.

Definition: Separateness or a system of racial segregation A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the Nationalist Party in South Africa from 1948 to 1994 Black South Africans were stripped of their rights and minority rule by white inhabitants was enforced. Apartheid

Laws under Apartheid  Blacks (71% of the population) were denied citizenship and could not vote  Access to public facilities were denied or separated (libraries, restrooms, water fountains, etc.) Whites (16%) had all rights, mixed race (10%) some rights, and Asians (3%) had few rights  Prohibition of marriage between non-whites and whites  White only jobs

1951 formed African reserves or homelands where blacks were separated up to three hours away Citizens only of the homeland, not South Africa Must have passes to leave the homeland They were aliens in their own country Non-whites were required to register (Population Registration Act) and carry “pass books” containing fingerprints, photo and information for access to non-black areas Bantu Authorities Act

Differences Under Apartheid Apartheid and the People of South Africa CategoryBlacksWhites Population19 million4.5 million Share of National Income13 percent87 percent Ratio of average earnings114 Minimum taxable income (1976) 360 rands $432 US 750 rands $900 US Doctors/population1/44,0001/400 Infant mortality rate20% urban 40% rural 2.7% Annual expenditure on education per pupil $45$696 Teacher/pupil ratio1/601/22

Response to Apartheid  1950’s and 60’s: peaceful protests  1953: Public Safety Act  African National Congress (ANC) was established, but outlawed by the government  1960: Sharpeville Massacre (69 killed and 187 wounded)  1962: Nelson Mandela, former ANC member was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Response to Apartheid  1970’s: protests grew in force and other countries joined the fight  1974: South Africa was expelled from United Nations  Economic sanctions were imposed: closing of multinational corporate activity in South Africa, trade and aid restrictions, embargo on products made in South Africa  Athletes were banned from the Olympic Games and other international sports events for 21 years – until 1991

The End of Apartheid  1990’s: weak economy and continuing protests  President F. W. de Klerks passed legislation that tore down apartheid system  April 1994: South African Blacks were allowed to vote for first time for their new government ending Apartheid. Nelson Mandela, a black man, was elected President

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Created by Mandela and chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Commission heard testimony by thousands of South Africans involved as victims or perpetrators of crimes under Apartheid. Commission decided on amnesty for those who confessed their crimes and were truthful – advocated reparations for victims, but have not yet been awarded by the government. The End of Apartheid

ANC still in power Africa still remains a divided and segregated society Living in different neighborhoods Less paying jobs as whites controlled largest businesses Half of population still lives below the poverty level Massive unemployment Reverse Discrimination Still a two nation dynamic: white and rich, black and poor. Failure to invest in education, social services, infrastructure Rising crime and highest rates of HIV in the world (20% of adult population is HIV-positive) Over 20 Years after Apartheid