16-3 Segregation and Discrimination

African-Americans and illiterate White Literacy Test: A test given to voters to determine whether they could read. Sometimes more difficult reading tests were given to African Americans. In what regions did it exist? Who were its targets? How did it affect the lives of these people? Literacy Test South African-Americans and illiterate White Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power

Poll Tax = Money one had to pay in order to vote In what regions did it exist? Who were its targets? How did it affect the lives of these people? Poll Tax South Poor African-Americans and poor White people Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power

Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power Grandfather Clause: A person could vote if their father or grandfather was qualified to vote before January 1, 1867 In what regions did it exist? Who were its targets? How did it affect the lives of these people? Grandfather Clause (allowed poor White Americans to vote) South African-Americans Prevented them from voting; weakened their political power

Jim Crow Laws: Laws that helped to keep Blacks and Whites separate In what regions did it exist? Who were its targets? How did it affect the lives of these people? Jim Crow South African-Americans Segregated them into facilities separate from whites. Forced them to endure 2nd class services from schools, hospitals, parks, transportation, etc.

All, but especially in the South African-Americans Racial Etiquette: A term used to describe the informal rules of conduct between Blacks and Whites. These rules reinforced white supremacy and black inferiority. In what regions did it exist? Who were its targets? How did it affect the lives of these people? Racial Etiquette All, but especially in the South African-Americans Belittled and humiliated Blacks daily; made interactions with whites very dangerous. Forced Blacks to defer to Whites. Successful Blacks were especially targeted by Whites.

Americans and African- Debt Peonage: A system in which a person is forced to work to pay off debts. In what regions did it exist? Who were its targets? How did it affect the lives of these people? Debt Peonage West and Southwest Mexican- Americans and African- Americans Forced the, to work against their will to pay off a debt. Made them little more than slaves. Denied them the ability to live their own lives.

Chinese Exclusion Act: In what regions did it exist? Who were its targets? How did it affect the lives of these people? Chinese Exclusion Act All And Chinese-Americans A law that prohibited Chinese immigration to the U.S.; It also suspended naturalization (citizenship) for Chinese already living in the U.S.

Identification Ida B. Wells: African American Reformer who tried to work for anti-lynching laws Segregation: Racial Separation Plessy v. Ferguson: The Court case that upheld the Jim Crow laws = “Separate but Equal” was legal

African American Reformers: Both men sought to erase the problems related to Jim Crow W.E.B. Du Bois Founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and the Niagara Movement- an organization that called for an immediate end to segregation. Du Bois believed that as citizens, African Americans should be given the same political rights as Whites – especially voting rights. He believed Blacks should have better opportunities for higher education (college) and that Blacks should pursue professional occupations and become political leaders His most influential years were in the early 1900s His ideas were considered radical and threatening to Whites. Booker T. Washington Started the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama- A school (industrial education) for African- Americans that taught skilled trades (mechanical or technical jobs in factories) He believed that if Blacks showed Whites that they could be good workers/citizens then Blacks would gradually earn equal rights. Since Booker T. Washington was promoting a gradual change to the way African American’s were viewed, he was respected by White Americans and considered non-threatening His most influential years was in the early 1880s.