The Digestive System Part Vocab and Reading Guide Human Biology

food blood wastes

Breaking down food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed False Absorption They are eliminated from the body as waste.

Saliva Enzymes in the saliva breaks down starches into sugar molecules. EXAMPLE: Soda crackers in the mouth Chemical and Mechanical digestion occur in the mouth

A D C B Chyme Upper and Lower Esophageal Sphincter prevents food from coming back up… Pyloric Sphincter opens when food has been churned long enough by peristalsis. usually.

Cells produce a protective coating of mucus. The stomach lining is replaced very frequently. Chemical and Mechanical digestion occur in the stomach

TEETH TONGUE EPIGLOTTIS ESOPHAGUS SPHINCTER STOMACH

MOUTH STOMACH Physical Digestion when it chews with teeth, tongue, and saliva Chemical Digestion when it has enzyme filled saliva breaking down starch into glucose Physical Digestion when it Squishes back and forth mixing acids with food (PERISTALSIS) Chemical Digestion food is mixed with acid in the stomach and enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids

2-3 Vocab Put your notecards in this order Protein Amino acid Vitamin Mineral Insulin Chyme* Sphincter* Digestion Absorption Saliva Enzyme Epiglottis Mucus Peristalsis Bile Villus Nutrient Calorie Carbohydrate Glucose Fat Gastroesophagael reflux disease

Digestion Textbook: –The process by which the body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules that can be absorbed.

Absorption Textbook: –The process by which nutrient molecules pass through the wall of the digestive system into the blood.

Saliva Textbook: –The fluid released when the mouth waters that plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical digestion.

Enzyme Textbook: –A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. Add Example –Breaking apart carbohydrates into glucose or proteins into amino acids

Epiglottis Textbook: –xxxxx Add Example –xxxxx

Mucus Textbook: –A thick, slippery substance produced by the body.

Peristalsis Textbook : –Involuntary waves of smooth muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Bile Textbook : A substance produced by the liver that chemically breaks up fat particles.

Villus Textbook : –Tiny finger-shaped structures that cover the inner surface of the small intestine and provide a large surface area through which digested food is absorbed.

Nutrient Textbook: -Substances in food that provide the raw materials and energy the body needs to carry out all its essential processes.

Calorie Textbook: -The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C.

Carbohydrate Textbook: –Nutrient composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that is a major source of energy. ADD –Breaks down into glucose.

Glucose Textbook: –A sugar that is a major source of energy for the body’s cells. ADD –Broken down from carbohydrates

Fat Textbook: –Energy-containing nutrients that are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen ADD –Broken down into fatty acids with the help of BILE

Protein Textbook: –Nutrient that contains nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; they are needed for tissue growth and repair and play a part in chemical reactions within cells. ADD –Breaks down into Amino Acids

Amino acid Textbook: –Small units that are linked together chemically to form large protein molecules. ADD –Broken down from proteins

Vitamin Textbook: –Molecules that act as helpers in a variety of chemical reactions within the body. ADD –Organic compounds

Mineral Textbook: –Nutrients that are needed by the body in small amounts and are not made by living things. ADD –Inorganic compounds

Insulin Textbook: –xxxxx ADD –xxxxx

Chyme From thefreedictionary.com –The thick semi-fluid mass of partialy digested food that is passed from the stomach

Sphincter From thefreedictionary.com –A ring-like muscle that normally maintains constriction of a body passage or orifice. ADD –5 digestive sphincters. (3 around stomach and the 2 at the end of the large intestine.)

The Digestive System Part Vocab and Reading Guide Human Biology

Almost all of the chemical digestion and all of the absorption of nutrients Small Intestine Liver Pancreas Liver Bile Insulin Bile Chemical digestion only occurs in the small intestine

It stores bile until needed. When you eat, the gall bladder releases the bile into the small intestine Starches (Carbs)Proteins Fats Villi True GlucoseInto Amino Acids Into Fatty Acids*

MOUTH STOMACH Physical Digestion when it chews with teeth and tongue Chemical Digestion when it has enzyme filled saliva breaking down starch into glucose Physical Digestion when it Squishes back and forth (PERISTALSIS) Chemical Digestion food is mixed with acid in the stomach and enzymes that break down proteins into amino acids

LIVER GALL BLADDER SMALL INTESTINE PANCREAS STOMACH

INNER ORGANS SMALL INTESTINE Liver produces bile that helps break down fats chemically Gall Bladder stores bile until needed Pancreas produces many enzymes to complete chemical digestion Enzymes produced by Pancreas and Liver are added When nutrients are broken down completely the glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals are only absorbed by the villi here. ABSORPTION! CHEMICAL!! Food doesn’t go through!

True Absorb water Ready waste for elimination Appendix: Thought to be the remains of an organ (VESTIGIAL) used to help digest leaves and plant matter by storing bacteria that could digest it.

Rectum Two anal sphincters control the exit of material from the rectum. Its good to have a back up…

LIVER GALL BLADDER LARGE INTESTINE SMALL INTESTINE ANUS (2 -SPHINCTER) RECTUM PANCREAS STOMACH APPENDIX

INNER ORGANS SMALL INTESTINE LARGE INTESTINE (Bowel, Colon) Liver produces bile that helps break down fats chemically Gall Bladder stores bile until needed Pancreas produces many enzymes to complete chemical digestion Enzymes produced by Pancreas and Liver are added When nutrients are broken down completely the glucose, amino acids, vitamins and minerals are absorbed. ABSORPTION! No more digestion occurs here Absorption of remaining water Compaction of remaining waste for elimination Bacteria eat remains producing vitamins Food doesn’t go through! CHEMICAL!!

Taken from

fiber Dead bacteria Live bacteria

2-3 Vocab 15.Protein 16.Amino acid 17.Vitamin 18.Mineral 19.Insulin 20.Chyme* 21.Sphincter* 1.Digestion 2.Absorption 3.Saliva 4.Enzyme 5.Epiglottis 6.Mucus 7.Peristalsis 8.Bile 9.Villus 10.Nutrient 11.Calorie 12.Carbohydrate 13.Glucose 14.Fat Gastroesophagael reflux disease