Title, Edition ISBN © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Physical Disabilities, Health Impairments, and ADHD

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2 Components of IDEA Definitions Severe Orthopedic Impairment (OI) Congenital abnormality - club foot, absence of a limb Impairments caused by disease - poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis Impairments by other causes - cerebral palsy, fractures, burns Adversely affecting educational performance Other Health Impairment (OHI) Limited strength, vitality, or alertness due to chronic or acute health problems Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, diabetes, epilepsy, a heart condition, hemophilia, leukemia, sickle cell anemia Adversely affecting educational performance Many children with OI and OHI receive services under other categories Some do not require specialized educational services

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 3 Prevalence Chronic medical conditions affect up to 20% of school-age children 1% of children receiving special education services are orthopedically impaired 9.3% of children receiving special education services are otherwise health impaired

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4 Orthopedic Impairments Cerebral Palsy Permanent disorder of voluntary movement and posture Little relation between impairment and intellectual development Classified according to muscle tone and motor movement Spina Bifida Congenital malformations of the brain, spinal cord Can result in paralysis below affected vertebra Hydrocephalic condition common; treated with a shunt

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5 Orthopedic Impairments Muscular Dystrophy Progressive weakening and degeneration of the muscles Little relation between impairment and intellectual development Spinal Cord Injuries Caused by fracture, stretching, or compression of spinal cord Car accidents, sports injuries, and violence most common causes Results in paralysis below affected vertebra

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 6 Other Health Impairments Seizure disorder (epilepsy) Caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain Three different categories based on severity Seizures can be controlled with medicine Diabetes Chronic disorder of metabolism Body unable to breakdown sugar Treated with insulin, diet, and exercise

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 7 Other Health Impairments Asthma Chronic lung disease resulting in a narrowing of airways Leading cause of absenteeism in school Cystic Fibrosis Genetic disorder affecting pulmonary and digestive systems Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Children afforded legal protection under Section 504

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 8 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder The essential feature of ADHD is a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity Children with ADHD can be served under the “other health impairments” category Estimates of prevalence of ADHD range from 3% to 5% of all school-age children Two treatment approaches that are widely used with children with ADHD are drug therapy and behavioral intervention

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9 Treatments Drug treatment Behavioral intervention

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10 Characteristics Children are more different than alike Classification based on symptoms of little use in educational planning For no other group of exceptional learner is the continuum of educational services more relevant Two important factors that affect educational needs Age of onset - children with congenital or acquired impairments have different needs Visibility - the visibility of impairment may cause some to underestimate the child’s abilities and limit opportunities

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Educational Approaches Often involves the collaboration of an interdisciplinary team Teachers Physical, occupational, and speech therapists Other health care specialists (e.g., heath care aids) Children with physical disabilities may also need environmental modifications Examples include wheelchair accessible classrooms or other assistive technology Assistive technology Assistive technology and devices and the services needed to help a child obtain and effectively use devices

© 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 9th Edition Heward ISBN X © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12 Educational Approaches (cont.) Animal Assistance Special health care routines Importance of positioning, seating, and movement Lifting and transferring students