Aquaculture Chapter 7 Review Questions Fundaments of Nutrition

1. Carbohydrates are made up of amino acids. False – Proteins are made of amino acids

2. Antinutrients are necessary components in a fish diets. False Detrimental and may actually kill fish.

3. Micro-minerals are just as important as macro-minerals True

4. Protein contains nitrogen. True

5. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are carried in the water portion of the diet. False. Carried in the fat portion of the diet.

6. Name two land mammals that come close to being as efficient as fish in the conversion of feed to food. Milk from dairy cow Egg from Chicken

7. Name five structures in the digestive tract of fish. Mouth, pharynx,esophagus, pylorus, intestine, liver, gall bladder.

8. List five categories of feeding habits. Predator Grazer Strainers Suckers Parasites

9.Give two examples of feeding behavior. Time of day Sensory use Season of year Physical contact with the food

10. List four factors that increase the energy requirement for fish. Age Composition of diet Light exposure Physiological activity Size Temperature of water

11. List three factors that decrease the energy requirement for fish Low temperature Large size Darkness Limited activity Old Age

12. As fish digest feeds, in what forms is energy lost? Heat, feces, urine, and gill excretions.

13. List three factors that affect the digestibility of fat. Amount in the diet Type of fat Water temperature Degree of saturation Length of carbon chain

14. What chemical element is contained in all amino acids and becomes a waste product that can present problems? Nitrogen

15. Name ten water-soluble vitamins. B12 Biotin Folate Myoinositol Niacin Pantothentic Pyrioxidine Riboflavin Thiamin Vitamin C

16. Name all of the fat-soluble vitamins. A D E K

17. Vitamin E acts with which micromineral? Selenium

18..Deficiency of which vitamin causes nutritional gill disease? Pantothentic acid

19. Name the six macrominerals Calcium Chlorine Magnesium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium

20. Name six microminerals Copper Iodine Iron Manganese Selenium Zinc

21. Name two reasons for using hormones. Induce spawning Sex reversal

22. What two antibiotics have FDA approval for use in fish? Suladimethoxine Oxytetracycline

23. Name six naturally occurring substances that could contaminate fish feed and adversely affect performance. Trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, gossypol, cyclopropenoic fatty acids, glucocinolates, erucic, alkaloids, thiaminase, mycotoxins, algal and marine toxins.

24. What is the function of the digestive tract? It takes in feedstuffs to their basic chemical components so that the fish can absorb them and rearrange them into its own characteristics body composition.

25. Define nutrition The science of the interaction of a nutrient with some part of a living organism, including the composition of feed, ingestion, liberation of energy, elimination of waste, and all the synthesis for maintenance, growth and reproduction.

26. Name two essential fatty acids and describe the effect of a deficiency Linoleic acid and linolenic acid Skin lesions, shock syndrome, heart problems, reduced growth rate, reduced feed efficiency, and reduced reproduction performance.

27. Give two reasons for the including dietary fat in fish diets. Provides essential fatty acids needed for normal growth and development. Also, dietary fats assist in the absorption of fat- soluable vitamins.

28. Give three reasons for including protein in the diet Provide energy Supply amino acids Meet requirements for functional proteins Enzymes-hormones-structural proteins

29. Name eight essential amino acids. PhenylalanineValine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine

30. Describe a protein deficiency It is observed as a reduction in weight gain, some specific amino acid deficiencies are manifest as disease conditions.

31. Describe the effects of a vitamin C deficiency Spinal deformity Poor growth Lack of appetite Poor wound healing

32. Why are mineral requirements difficult to determine fish diets? Fish can absorb many minerals directly from the water. This reduces the mineral requirement.

33. Why should fiber be avoided in fish diets? They are ingestible and do not play an important role in nutrition. Fiber does add bulk to a feed, but increases the amount of fecal material produced.

34. Why are antioxidants used in fish diets? To prevent fats from becoming rancid in storage.

35. Describe why pigments are important in fish diets. Pigmentation of the skin and flesh in fish comes from carotenoids. Fish cannot make these carotenoids, so they must be present in their diet.