 Cell that does no have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

 Restriction Enzymes (R.E) are enzymes that cut the DNA at specific nucleotide sequences.  There are many types of R.E. and they all cut at different places.  Cut DNA in more manageable fragments  After the DNA has been cut, many things can be done with it. (Studied, combined with other DNA, etc.)

 Method of separating various lengths of DNA strands by applying an electrical current to the gel.  Technique is used to make DNA fingerprints, sort DNA, sequence genes, etc..

 Mixture of DNA fragments (cut pieces of DNA) is placed at one end of a porous gel

 Electric current is run through the gel

 DNA molecules (-) move toward the (+) end of the chamber  Smaller pieces move faster, larger move slower

 Radioactive probes bind to DNA fragments  The result is a series of dark bands unique to each individual…a DNA fingerprint.

 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique that produces millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a few short hours.  PCR is like DNA replication in a test tube!

 DNA fingerprint is a representation of an individual’s DNA that can be used to identify a person at the molecular level.  Your DNA contains genes. However, what is between the genes is what is used in a fingerprint.  Individuals have a different number of repeats between genes. Thus, when DNA is cut into pieces, it creates different length unique to you.  Looks like a “Bar-code.”

 Clone—is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. (Plants, bacteria, identical twins)  Cloned bacteria are easy to grow… not the case for most multicellular organisms  In 1997, Scottish scientist Ian Wilmut’s technique produced such a clone (Dolly)

 Make changes in the DNA of living organisms to produce new traits = genetic engineering.  Possible because the genetic code is universal to life on this planet.

 DNA that contains genes from more than one organism › Crops that produce medicines and vitamins. › Bacteria that produce human proteins (HGH, & insulin)  Organisms with recombinant DNA are Transgenic organisms.

 Tiny rings of closed-loop DNA that is separate from bacterial chromosome DNA.

 The cut end of a DNA molecule that was cut by restriction enzymes.  Produces ends that need complimentary base pairing.  Used to splice genes together, remove genes from the genome.

 Organism that has one or more genes from another organism. › Bacteria with Human genes › Plants/animals with insects enzymes

 Green fluorescent protein, introduced into DNA of egg via virus (2008)  using green fluorescent protein to study Huntington's disease, which destroys nervous tissue.  In 2008 the researchers infected unfertilized monkey eggs with an HIV-like virus, which changed the eggs' DNA to include the defect that causes Huntington's.  THe fluoresce under ultraviolet light (as pictured)—makes it easier to study the effects of the disease on the monkeys' brains.

 Genome —all the organisms genetic material  Genomics —Study of genomes, which include the sequencing of all of an organism’s DNA. › Used to compare genes within and across species.

 Determining the order of the DNA nucleotides in genes and entire genomes.  To determine the order of A T C G’s in the DNA strand.  Identify all the genes within the sequence (ongoing)

 Map and sequence human DNA base pairs (completed in 2003)  Identify all the genes within the sequence (ongoing)

 Genetic Screening is the process of testing DNA to determine a person’s risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder… “Carriers”  (Tay-Sachs, Hemophilia, Sickle-cell disease, Cystic Fibrosis, colon cancer, etc)

 Gene Therapy —replacement of defective of missing gene, or the addition of a new gene, into a person’s genome  Must get the correct gene into correct cells of the patients body › CF—gene needs to be in the lung cells › Sickle-cell disease—correct gene into bone marrow