US History A: The Colonies come of Age ( ) Red are terms from common final terms list Rohr/Iverson unit essay questions Common Essay Questions

The Agricultural South (3.2) Plantations – Cash Crops grown primarily for sale rather than for the farmer’s own use. (Tobacco, rise, indigo) – Found on water ways in the south shipped goods directly to northern colonies. Southern Society – Prosperous crops lead to more money and the ability to purchase luxuries (banquets, balls, etc.) – Women could not vote, preach, own land, etc. – Indentured Servants – white men from Europe who agreed to come work (for a specific set time) in the Americas as punishment for a crime committed in Europe. Eventually they stop coming and colonies turn to slavery.

The Agricultural South (3.2) Slavery – Enslaving Native Americans and indentured servants failed so colonies turn to African Slaves. – 1690 had 13,000 slaves by 1750 almost 200,000. – Triangular Trade a 3-way trading process involving the products of: rum, enslaved people, sugar & molasses flowing between southern colonies, England, Europe, Africa, and West Indies. – Middle Passage – the middle leg of the transatlantic triangular trade brought Africans to the West Indies and later to North America. – 80-90% worked in the fields, 10-20% worked in homes. – Full-time work began at age 12 and continued until death!

The Agricultural South (3.2) Africans Cope in Their New World – Africans kept traditions such as basket weaving, pottery, music, dance, stories, religion, from their home land. – Families were torn apart and sold. Therefore slaves often stepped up and raised children left behind after a sale. – Resistance: Slaves would stage illnesses, work slow downs, break tools, etc. Often would die during a punishment refusing to be “broken.” Stono Rebellion – September of 1739, 20 runaway slaves with guns marched from Stono River south of Charlestown killing planter families, beating drums, inviting other slaves to join them. A white militia over took them and killed all of them. Run a-ways’ continued often finding refuge with Native American tribes. Marriage between African run a-ways’ and Native Americans were common.

The Commercial North (3.3) Commerce Grows in the North – Economy = New England and middle colonies produced several crops (on smaller farms) and live stock. Due to Winter other industries grew: harvesting fish, building ships, sawing lumber. – Port Cities: South = Charles Town; North = Boston, New York City, and Philadelphia (2 nd largest after London). Northern Society – Attracts more immigrants than the south who are fleeing economic distress or for religious freedom. – Slavery: not as many slaves as the south. Slaves still treated terrible, but had more rights. They could sue or be sued, and had rights to appeal. Slaves rebelled 1712, 21 were executed. 1741, 13 were burned alive, 18 were hanged.

The Commercial North (3.3) New Ideas Influence the colonists. – Enlightenment – the world is governed by fixed mathematical laws and not by chance or miracles. Benjamin Franklin – flying a kite in a thunderstorm demonstrated that lightning was a form of electrical power. – The Great Awakening: Puritan church membership declines. Traveling preachers like Jonathan Edwards try to get people to rededicate themselves to God, resulting in religious revival lasting from 1730’s-1740’s. These ideas lead colonists to question Britain’s authority over their lives.

The French and Indian War (3.4) Rivals for an Empire: Britain and France battle for land to build an empire in the New World. Both wanted the Ohio River Valley. French had better working relations with Native Americans, trading furs, food, etc. However still tried to convert them to Christianity too. Britain Defeats an Old Enemy. 22 year-old British officer George Washington (future first president of U.S.), established an outpost, Fort Necessity, and ends up attacking the French. French forced Washington to surrender. The battles at Fort Necessity began the French and Indian War.

The French and Indian War (3.4) Britain Defeats an old Enemy – Early French Victories: The French fought with Native American Allies. Fighting from behind trees, etc. The British were not skilled at this type of fighting. They were use to groups that marched in uniform rows, so they fled. – Pitt and the Iroquois turn the tide: British troops team up with Iroquois, who are more willing to support the British as they begin winning more battles. The French/Indian War ends in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris – British get all of North America East of Mississippi River and the French get the West.

The French and Indian War (3.4) Britain Defeats an Old Enemy – Victory Brings new Problems: Chief Pontiac recognized the loss of the French was a loss for N. A. so they attacked and captured 8 British forts in the Ohio Valley. The British presented blankets infested with small pox to 2 Delaware chiefs in peace negotiations, which weakened the tribes. Proclamation of 1763: banned colonial settlements west of the Appalachains, but colonists didn’t listen and British couldn’t enforce the rule.

The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart(3.4) British Policies Anger Colonists – 1761 “Writs of assistance” allowed British customs officials to search any ship or building, including homes b/c many merchants worked out of their homes. Problems resulting from the war – Armies sent to protect colonists from N.A., were feared as an army that might turn on the colonists. – Prime Minister George Grenville institutes the law Sugar Act. Lowered tax on foreign-made molasses It placed taxes on other imports It strengthened enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in court.