The Crimean War [ ] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia

The Crimean War [ ] The Crimean War [ ]

Florence Nightingale [ ] “The Lady with the Lamp”

Treaty of Paris [1856]  No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.  All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big?

Count Cavour [The “Head”] Giuseppi Garibaldi [The “Sword”] King Victor Emmanuel II Giuseppi Mazzini [The “Heart”] Italian Nationalist Leaders

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet” Italian unification movement: Risorgimento [“Resurgence”]

Step #1: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops to the Crimea What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

Step #2: Cavour & Napoleon III (Louis-Napoleon) Meet at Plombières, 1858 What “deals” are made here?

Step #3: Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Austria loses control of Venetia. Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #4: Camillo di Cavour Unites the North Count Camillo di Cavour is the foreign minister for the Italian King of Sardinia He tried to acquire Northern Italian territory peacefully through diplomacy He was successful He uses his wits and intelligence

Step #5: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Garibaldi’s Red Shirt Army Patriots who want to get rid of outsiders Want to unify Italy Take over the Southern regions of Italy

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #7: Finally get control of Rome & the Papal States Italy is united! Officially a full nation in 1870

A Unified Peninsula! A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871 What problems still remain for Italy?

Zollverein, 1834

Prussia/Austria Rivalry

Kaiser Wilhelm I

Helmut von Moltke Leader of the Prussian Army

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor”

Realpolitik Based on Machiavelli’s The Prince “it is better to be feared than loved” The ends ALWAYS justify the means Governments should do anything they must in order to protect and build the nation

Otto von Bismarck.... The less people know about how sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night. Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied. The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of —but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck.... I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made. A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one. Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

The German Confederation

Step #1: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

Step #2: Franco-Prussian War [ ] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

The Prussians Trick The French The Prussian soldiers trick the French into firing on them France seems aggressive France weak after Napoleon’s losses then fails to defeat the Prussians in what is known as the Franco-Prussian War

This is what really happened?

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] France paid a huge indemnity or tax to Germany and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded (gave up) Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

GERMANY IS REAL NOW! It worked The German States volunteered to become a part of Prussia Together Prussia and the German States took the name of Germany In return for using the name Germany The Kaiser or King of this newly united nation would be the Wilhelm I

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

Bismarck Manipulating the Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf: Anti-Catholic Program Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r ]

Trouble in the Balkans