2. Zollverein, 1834

3. The Germanic Confederation

5. Kaiser Wilhelm I

6. Helmut von Moltke German Field Marshal.German Field Marshal. The chief of staff of the Prussian ArmyThe chief of staff of the Prussian Army One of the great strategists of the latter 19th century,One of the great strategists of the latter 19th century, creator of a new, more modern method of directing armies in the field.creator of a new, more modern method of directing armies in the field.

7. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck “Blood & Iron” Realpolitik The “Iron Chancellor” Junker

8. Step #1: The Danish War [1864] Step #1: The Danish War [1864] The Peace of Vienna

9. Step #2: Austro-Prussian War [Seven Weeks’ War], 1866 Prussia Austria

10. Step #3: Creation of the Northern German Confederation, 1867 Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation. He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control  Peace of Prague

11. Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]: Catalyst for War 1868 revolt in Spain. Spanish leaders wanted Prince Leopold von Hohenz. [a cousin to the Kaiser & a Catholic], as their new king. France protested & his name was withdrawn. The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold. Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

12. Step #5: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871] German soldiers “abusing” the French.

13. Step #4: Franco-Prussian War [1870-1871]

14. Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

15. Treaty of Frankfurt [1871] The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire. The Italians took Rome and made it their capital. Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. ------------------- France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid. France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

16. Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I [r. 1871–1888]

17. Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the Kaiser

18. German Imperial Flag German for “Empire.”

19. Political Upheavals: Nationalism and Unification Political Upheavals: Nationalism and Unification The German Empire, also known as the Second Reich, was established.The German Empire, also known as the Second Reich, was established. - First Reich = Holy Roman Empire (800-1804) - Second Reich = The German Empire (1871-1918) - Third Reich = Nazi Germany (1933-1945)

20. Bismarck’s Kulturkampf( literally, "culture struggle”): Anti-Catholic Program, 1871-78 Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy  civil marriages only recognized. reducing the political and social influence of the Catholic Church. The Jesuits are expelled from Germany. The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

21. Bismarck's program backfired, as it energized the Catholics to become a political force

22. Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888- 1918]

23. Policies adopted after Unification Immediately after unification, German economic and military power was equal to Great Britain and France.Immediately after unification, German economic and military power was equal to Great Britain and France. Social reforms from (1871-1912) established the most generous government-sponsored welfare programs of that time period:Social reforms from (1871-1912) established the most generous government-sponsored welfare programs of that time period: - universal healthcare - universal education - unemployment insurance - pensions for retired workers - sick leave / workman’s compensation Since the establishment of a unified Germany, the country has had one of the strongest economies in the world.Since the establishment of a unified Germany, the country has had one of the strongest economies in the world.

24. Jewish Emancipation 1871 German constitution consolidated the process of Jewish Emancipation –Abolished restrictions on marriage, occupation, residence, and property Stock Market Crash of 1873 led to resurgence of anti-SemitismStock Market Crash of 1873 led to resurgence of anti-Semitism Theodor Herzel - ZionismTheodor Herzel - Zionism

25. Kaiser Wilhelm II was the last German Emperor (Kaiser) and King of Prussia, ruling the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918. grandson of the British Queen Victoria launched Germany on a bellicose "New Course’…an aggressive dangerous course!” abdicated in November 1918, and fled to exile in the Netherlands.

26. “Dropping the Pilot” [1890]

27. "New Course" in foreign affairs. Italian cartoon (1915)

28. German Unification: Then and Now

29. German Unification (1989)

30. Germany (1949-1990) East & West Germany (1949-1989) Unified Germany (1990-)